^r.c-. 



<v<? .<tc< s. 



, ■■«: c- -ic 



4 



CLCC 
<:i c c: 



cc c <: 

Co-XT 









cc:. <: 

- Ct- c 
^c ( c 



etc. c 



CC C 

CC^ c 

■ ^ 

CC r , 
CC ('C 

CC c c: 




i^£_. 






cffc 



Q c 

■ C CC ■ 
. C -,C. 

-^ < c 



c>«5C^ oc 

- C C 



O C C «iG 

r , r r^ Cc 



CvC 

CC c ^ '■ 



V^.^^ 



C" c c c ^ "^ 
Cc C C ' «< 

< <r c <r c «<^ 
c-Ccr C ^c . 

cCcfC dc; 



C^ C cC vs 

_ C C CC v^ 

^ C <L CC'^ 

^ c c tc . 

C C f C ^ < 

< c" < c < 

C C f CC 

. CC CC 
^_ CC CC 

. C C CC ^<L^ 
<. c c <r •« 

= C C CC ^C 

V ^"^ CC c^k. 
C.CC CC '<iV 
^ c,< CC '; CC. 

^ <: I" CC Cs 

: <L c ^ <.c "• « ■ 

'. I'C ct- • V ■ 



Ccc CC CCC 

^ V^ ' ^ i^L.. 5:c^ 



1> ^^C-.. 



C c -f-C 

CC . «<I 



c c 



C C c 

C CC *^ 

c ccc €r 






c L C ^I^ c<' 'Wf d <■ ( < 

( •>>--- CC . ^c_ - V <? 






C( c c 



dec 

ccc- 

CCC 
CCCC 



C C 
c: ■ c_ 

•o c<s:. 



■<:if\ c 



■ Ct' t 






■Sit 



<_ <■..-. c .•<: <. c < «... 



( 

CI- ^ <^ 

c c c « 

1 ' c c « 



cue * 









■ <-><^ . <: 

If 









•c: eve 

r ccc 
xcc 



cc«r cvr 






^1 



- C C 

• *'• c: (.- 
. C C . 

C C i 
, CC <I ^ 

'*-..c.c "CI :c 

• <: cc ^ . 

c. c 






11 






c ■ c5 <s <^ C^ 



i cc 









oc C 






CC 

cc 

' cc 

c <; 
&c 

<:C.. 
CC 

CC 

cc 



c«-c 

C5k<^ 

ccc 
C<C, 

13 

c c <i 

<lc^ ■* 



d cc 







♦« ]VIY FLOWKRS." 



A flowery crown will 1 coiTipo«e, 

I'll wenve the CrocuB, weave the Jfose ; 

I'll weave Narcissus, newly wet, 

The Hyacinth and Violet; 

The Myrtle shall supply me green. 

And Lilies laugh in light between. 

That the rich tendrils of my darling's hair 

May burst into their crowning flowers, and light the painted air. 



EVERY WOMAN 



'< ^'/ 



siiEia o^vvisr 




•w© 




'la- JU!, 'V^) 



C 



A HANDY MANTJAL OF 



FLOWER GARDENING FOR LADIES. 



By Mrs. S. O. JOHNSON. 



( "DAISY EYEBKIGUT. 



SIXTH EDITION. / 




NEW YORK: 

HEJ^I^Y <r. WILLIfiMS, - - - (PU^LISHEI^. 
©ffirc of t^e ^orliniltnrist 

1876. 



^J,^.o^ 



.J1 

\ 



■^^(p 



Entered accoraing to Act of Congress, in the year eighteen hundred and seventy-one, by 

HENRY T. WILLIAMS, 

in the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington, D. C. 



By transfer from 

Pat. Office Lib. 

April 1914 



SPRINGFIELD, MASS. : 

CLARK W. BRYAN & COMPANY, 

PRINTERS AND BINDERS. 



CONTE^NTTS. 



CHAPTER I. Paoe. 
The Flower Garden — Its Uses, etc ^ 

CHAPTER II. 

Construction of Beds — Beds in Lawn — Ribbon Gardening — Rockeries — Directions for 

Massing Flowers — Diagrams for laying out Gardens 12 

CHAPTER III. 
Annuals — Their Culture and Varieties — A List of the Most Desirable for Amateur Gar- 
deners 18 

CHAPTER IV. 
Perennials — Biennials — Their Treatment, etc. — Lists of Most Desirable Varieties 27 

V. 
Geraniums — Pelargoniums — The Difference between the two Plants — Their Culture 
and Varieties — Double Geraniums — The Zonale Geraniums — The Liliputian Tribe — 
Lists of Desirables and Novelties 32 

CHAPTER VI. 
Bedding out Plants — Pansics — Verbenas — Heliotropes — Feverfews, etc 38 

CHAPTER VII. 
The Fuchsia • 4? 

CHAPTER VIII. 
The Cultivation of the Rose 52 

CHAPTER IX. 
Ornamental Vines • 62 



IV CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER X. Page. 
Ornamental Shrubs for Garden and Lawn 69 

CHAPTER XI. 
The Carnation and Picotee Piuks 73 

CHAPTER XII. 
Herbaceous Plants — Pseonies — Phloxes — Chrysanthemums — Delphiniums — and a Select 

List of Desirable Herbaceous Flowers 77 

CHAPTER XIII. 
Immortelles, or Everlasting Flowers and Ornamental Grasses — Acroliniums — Globe 
Amaranths — Helicrysums — Helipterium Sanfordii — Rodanthes — Xeranthemums — 
and a Select List of Grasses, Annual and Perennial , 83 

CHAPTER XIV. 
Ornamental Foliaged Plants — Coleus — Achyranthus — Caladiums — Silver Leaved 

Plants — Cannas, etc. — Tri-colored Geraniums, Gold and Silver Edged 89 

CHAPTER XV. 
Summer Flowering Bulbs — Japan Lilies — Gladiolus — Dahlias — Vallota, etc 96 

CHAPTER XVI. 

iSpring Flowering Bulbs — Snowdrops — Crocuses — Hyacinths — Tulips — Daffodils — Jon- 
quils — Narcissus — Polyanthus Narcissus — Lilies of the Valley, etc 107 

CHAPTER XVII. 
Old Fashioned Flowers 119 

CHAPTER XVIII. 
Vegetables and Hotbeds 122 

CHAPTER XIX. 
Arrangement of Bouquets, Vases, etc. — Flowers in Churches 132 

CHAPTER XX. 
General Management of the Garden — The Soil — Selection of Seeds — Weeding — Water- 
ing — Planting out — Pruning, etc. — Saving of Seeds — Preparing Pots — Taking up 
and Preserving Flowers in Winter — Sleep of Flowers — Insects — Cultivate the 
Beautiful everywhere — Lines of Mrs. Howitts — Let us Teach our Children to Love 
Flowers rather than Fashion 139 



CHAPTER L 



The Flower-Garden— Its Komance and Reality. 

" There's not a flower can grow upon the earth 
Without a flower upon the spiritual side; 
All that we see is pattern of what shall be in the mount, 
Related royally, and built up to eterne significance. 

There's nothing small; 
No lily, muflled hum of summer bee, 
But finds its coupling in the spinning stars; 
No pebble at your feet but proves a sphere ; 
No chaffinch but implies a cherubim; 

Earth is full of heaven, 
And every common bush a-flre with God." 

A beautiful garden, tastefully laid out, and well kept, is a certain 
evidence of taste, refinement and culture. It makes a lowly cottage 
attractive, and lends a charm to the stateliest palace. 

An English writer, lately visiting our country, writes : 

" I can conceive of nothing more dreary than to live in the country 
and have no garden. To have no garden is to take the poetry, and 
nearly all the charms away from country life. To have a garden, is to 
have many friends continually near. 

" What a difference between what Mr. Carlyle calls an ' umbrageous 
man's rest, in which a king might wish to sit and smoke, and call it 
his,' with its roses, and honeysuckles, and fuchsias clambering in 
through the very windows in crowds, and the dreary, arid prospect 
around thousands of American houses!" 



6 EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

This hardly seems a fair criticism upon our homes. Having been 
an enthusiastic lover of flowers from childhood, and having cultivated 
th'em ever since the use of the hands was learned, I cannot recognize 
its truth ; — have never known of many such houses, as he describes. Yet 
many American writers will declare that slender porticos,, fanciful 
verandas, sculptured gables, and deep bay windows are often seen in 
this country, without a vestige of a flower or climbing vine about them ; 
while in England, the poorest laborer's cot is a bower of greenery ; and 
his little plat of flowers, often vies with that of his employer. 

It is not always wealth or art that gives to English homes their 
beauty and picturesqueness, but it is the attention of their inmates, to 
the cultivation of the "Green things of the earth." 

It is not the latticed casement nor the high gable that attracts the 
notice of the traveler, but the brilliant flowers and the trailing vines 
that drape and embower them. 

American women live in-doors too much, and thus sacrifice their 
health and spirits. They cultivate neuralgia, dyspepsia, and all their 
attendant ills — rather than the beautiful and glorious flow^ers which 
God has scattered so abundantly all over the world. 

This little pamjohlet is written for the purpose of coaxing them to 
come out into the sunshine, and begging them to 

"List to Xature's teachings." 

A little garden, all one's own, is a real Eden! Earth possesses no 
greater charm; and there is no cosmetic equal to the fresh, sweet morn- 
ing air, and the cheerful sunshine. 

You can make no investment which will give you such interest; 
health, happiness, and pure enjoyment will be the coin in which it is 
paid; and the returns are not made semi-annually, but daily. 

With what intense delight one watches the first tiny leaves of the 
seeds one has planted ; and what pleasure one takes in the unfolding 
of the first flower I A grand garden cared for by a gardener, can never 
give its possessor as much delight as one in which nearly all the work 
is done by one's own hands. 

To be sure, Pat O'Shovelem's aid is needful to prepare the ground, lay 
out the beds, and harden the walks; but, gentler, smaller hands can 
plant the seeds and roots, can keep down the weeds, tie up, stake, train, 
water and prune. 



EVKRT WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 7 

I have little faith in American women becoming farmers, — holding 
the plow — wielding the spade or the shovel; but I do know from long 
experience, that all the rest of the work can be accomplished by women, 
j^ they possess a love for the beautiful. There lies the trouble ; few of 
our children are taught to garden ; if they possess a natural taste for 
the pursuit, sometimes it is gratified, but not always. 

Mrs. Japonica and Miss McFlimsey hold up their hands in holy 
horror at the very idea of any of their kindred soiling their hands with 
the work. 

" Flora work among her namesakes ! " they exclaim ; " forbid it all 
JajDonicadom ! " 

Yet how much harder do they Avork at the crowded party or ball! 
To dance the " German," requires quite as much physical strength as to 
plant a flower-garden, and rake off the weeds; — but that is the fashion, 
and beef tea and stimulants must be resorted to, to sustain the feeble 
knees, uplift the nerveless fingers. Women can find strength to culti- 
vate a garden successfully, if they will commence by degrees. If their 
muscles and sinews are not accustomed to the work, they will soon 
rebel against it when forced to attend to it for several hours at once. 

Garden by degrees, my friends, and cultivate your muscles, with your 
plants ! 

An hour, or even half an hour, is long enough for a commencement, 
and the next day extend the time ten minutes, and so on, until you can 
work for three, or even six hours in succession. 

But take it easy; provide an old piece of carpeting to kneel upon 
while planting, or weeding with a fork; and if your knees are not 
accustomed to that position, humor them by placing an empty raisin or 
soap box upon the carpet, and sit upon that; — and if a cushion would 
also be agreeable, cover a small pillow with some dark chintz, and 
place that on the box. Now you will have a luxurious seat, and can 
garden without a sense of pain ; yet do^iH stay too long, nor become too 
much heated. The cai-peting protects the skirts from the dampness of 
the soil, and sliould always be used. It can be kept conveniently at 
hand, with the box and the cushion. 

Of course, flounces, puffs, and furbelows, with their accompanying 
upper skirts, are not suitable for such occupations. A dark chinrz 
dress is the best, for it can go into the wash-tub when it is in need of 
cleansing. A woolen bathing dress makes an excellent garden costume 



8 EVERT WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

— for skirts are always in the way. If it is admissible on the beach, 
where wealth and fashion do congregate, why not in the garden, snr 
rounding one's house ? 

A large shade hat, and a pair of old kid gloves are indispensable. Eub- 
ber gloves are often recommended, but are far too clumsy for the fingers. 

Now, the dress is bespoken, and we must purchase the tools required. 
A large three-pronged iron fork, with a short handle, is needful for 
loosening the ground, removing plants and uprooting weeds. I should 
rather do without a trowel than such a fork. They can be purchased 
of all hardware dealers. 

A small set of tools, comprising a rake and hoe on one handle, a 
trowel, and a spade, are very essential. With their aid much light work 
can be accomplished without calling upon Mr. O'Shovelem. 

A watering pot, Avith a large nozzle, and a fine sprinkler, is also 
required. 

With these implements, every iuo7nan can he her 07V7i gardener — and 
not only raise all the flowers she may desire, but also contribute a large 
share of the vegetables that are always welcomed at the table, during 
both summer and winter. 

The cultivation of the soil possesses a wonderful fascination ; its very 
odor, after a refreshing shower, is inspiring ; and as you gather your 
flowers, you will also gather improvement in many ways. 

"He made them all, and what He designs, can ne'er be deemed 
unworthy of our study, and our love." If we see a pot of flowers in a 
window, it gives us respect for the inmates of the dwelling — but if we 
see a beauteous garden, '^ A brilliant carpet of unnumbered dyes," yfQ 
know that there is taste and refinement within that home. 

On the European continent, women work in the fields with the men, 
and become beasts of burden. I hope never to see them thus, in this 
more liivored land, but I do desire to have them take a daily interval 
from the labor and care of the house, and breathe into their hearts the 
oxygen and iron contained in the fresh air; taste the balm and the 
tonic of the sunlight and the garden. 

Every day there is some work to be done, if the garden is well kept. 
There is no need of having a" lueeding-day,'' like a " tuasldng-day," — for 
the weeds can be kept down, daily. Every morning dig over one or two 
beds, according to their size, — and continue the work until all are 
cleaned up. Then commence again, and thus prevent the soil from 



EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 9 

becoming baked ; and let the air and moisture enter the earth, and 
nourish the tender roots. 

That is my way of gardening. After the beds are made, the walks 
prepared, no man's hand or foot enters the sacred precinct, excepting 
to admire, and to receive the flowers. 

In the early spring time a half hour may sulQSce to exhaust the little 
strength one possesses, but before October comes, with its autumnal 
glories, several hours can be passed in out-door work without much 
sense of fatigue. 

All the delights of a garden are not comprised in gathering nosegays, 
and arranging bouquets, vases or festal garlands ; — there is great enjoy- 
ment in watching the vegetating of the seeds; the developing of the 
tiny leaves, the forming of the minute buds — and then comes at last — 

" The bright, consummate flower !" 

Floriculture has been called the gem of all cultures. Its influence 
makes us more courteous, if not more intelligent; and what can we 
find in nature so emblematical of bloom, decay, and death ? 

It has been said that " as domestic floriculture and gardening has been 
the inclination of beings, and the choice of philosophers, so it has been 
the favorite of public and private men, a pleasure of the greatest, and 
the care of the meanest: and indeed an employment and a possession, 
for which no man is too high nor too low. Flowers are the relics of 
Eden's bowers." 

And there is no pastime that can give as much pleasure, with so 
Ismail an expenditure. Gray, the poet, and also a skillful naturalist, 
tells us that the enjoyment of life depends upon "having always some- 
thing going forward ;" and exclaims: "Happy are they who can create 
a rose-tree, or erect a honey sucTcle !" 

It is indeed this very "having alivays something yoiiig fortvard" that 
produces the enjoyment experienced by the amateur gardener; the 
glory and fragrance of the flowers forming the crowning gratification. 
There is a pride — a most pleasing pride — in culling a bouquet for a 
friend, from flowers raised by one's own hand. 

The creation of a beautiful object is certainly " a great fact," of which 
any of iis may be justly and honestly proud. 

Few of us possess the talent to transfer and perpetuate on canvas, or in 
marble, the glorious hues and forms of nature, but the lowest and 



10 EVERY W03rAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDE^ER. 

humblest can raise flowers which Solomon, in all his glory, could not 
have eclipsed ! 

Why does not everybody have a Geranium, a Rose, a Fuchsia, or 
some other flower in a window, if they do not own land enough to 
plant a garden ? They are very cheap — next to nothing, if raised from, 
a cutting, and of small price if purchased from the florist; and there is 
companionship in them, as well as grace and beauty. 

Charming Leigh Hunt, whom I love to quote, says: 

" Flowers sweeten the air, rejoice the eye, link you with nature and 
innocence, and are something to love. If they cannot love you in re- 
turn, they cannot hate you ; cannot utter hateful words even if neglected ; 
for, though they are all beauty, they possess no vanity ; and living, as 
they do, to do you good, and afford you pleasure, how can you neglect 
them !" 

There are few dwellers in the country who are so destitute as not to 
be able to indulge in a love for flowers. The garden may be of the 
smallest size — a mere tiny circle — and it will often be loved the more for 
its smallness, and receive more care and attention. 

It will not do to care for it a week, and then neglect it for two 
weeks. It demands coftstant care, daily attendance, waterings, and 
weedings. 

Nothing destroys its beauty like the noxious weeds that will grow ap, 
like Jonah's gourd, if not constantly uprooted. The tenacity of their 
life is wonderful ; uprooting will not always kill them, and they will 
mature their seeds, and prepare for another struggle with you in an 
ensuing summer, even when their roots lie withering in the sun. 
" What hidden virtue is in these things, that it is granted to sow them- 
selves with the wind, and to grapple the earth with this unmitigable 
stubbornness, and to flourish in spite of obstacles, and never to suffer 
blight beneath any sun or shade, but always to mock their enemies, with 
the same wicked luxuriance ? " 

Thus enquires Hawthorne, while sturdily waging a warfare against 
them, in the garden of the " Old Manse," at Concord, Mass., and no one 
can " make reply." Animal manures, though very stimulating to vege- 
table life, are the sources whence many of the grassy weeds spring. 
Artificial manures do not introduce so many of these pests into the 
beds and borders, yet some of them are so highly charged with noxious 
exhalations that one dislikes to apply them. 



EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. H 

Mineral fertilizers are not open to these objections, and I have found 
them preferable to others on that account. 

Guano is always beneficial, if not applied in too large quantities. An 
iron spoonful of it dug into the ground two or three inches from the 
stems of the plants will increase their growth and beauty. A less quan- 
tity should be given to tender annuals, and small plants. 

Liquid animal manures are also easily applied, and give to the plant 
an immediate stimulant. In pouring it on, avoid touching the leaves or' 
the stems of the plants, but give the earth a copious supply of a weak 
solution. Guano ajpplied in this manner is very beneficial. I have 
used all of these with decided success; and always feed my garden 
bountifully; and receive in return a bountiful supply of flowers and 
vegetables. 

Plant with care and skill ; water when needful ; feed plenty of nour- 
ishment ; keep clear from all weeds ; tie, stake, prune and cultivate 
daily, and you will never regret the small investment required to com- 
mence and continue a garden ; but will become more and more enamored 
with the occupation; and will yearly increase your stock, and multiply 
your labors, and will be ready to say with Thomson, the poet of nature : 

" I care not, Fortune, what you me deny, 
You cannot rob me of free Nature's grace; 
You camiot shut the windows of the sky, 
Through which Aurora shows her brightening flicc ; 
You cannot bar my constant feet to trace 
The woods and lawns by living streams at eve : 
Let health my nerves and finer fibres brace, 
And I their toys to the great children leave; 
0/ fancy, reason, virtue, nought can me bereave." 



CHAPTEE II. 



Coi^STRUCTioN OF Beds, Beds IIS" Lawn, Ribbon Gardening, 

Rockeries. 

" Oh! who can speak his joys, when Spring's young morn, 
From wooU and pasture open'd on his view; 
When tender green buds blush upon the thorn, 
And the llrst primrose dips its leaves in dew." 

In preparing gurclens to receive our flowers, it is better to avoid raised 
beds, Avith deep walks. They suffer from the intense heat of our sum- 
mers; and the rains wash them down, often exposing the roots of the 
plants. Grass edgings are objectionable, on account of the labor 
required to keep the sods from spreading. 

Beds that are artistically cut in the grass-plat produce a better effect; 
and the brilliant hues of the flowers contrast perfectly with the soft, 
shaven, emerald tint of the grass. One of the most attractive features 
about a house, is a garden tastefully cut in the lawn. It is open to but 
one objection — the dew upon the grass makes it rather unapproachable 
in the early morning, when its owner desires to feast her eyes upon its 
beauties. 

Three designs are given for cutting beds in the grassy lawn, and an 
artistic eye will enable our gardeners to vary them as they please. The 
walks can be well trodden down, and hardened ■with sifted coal ashes or 
clay. Gravel is not so desirable, as it clings to the feet. The grass can 
be left between the beds, or cut out, but if the latter is done, they 
can receive more care in the early hours of the day. 



EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 



13 




Diagram No. 1 



In the center, A, place a stocky plant of Scarlet Salvia; at B, Scarlet Geraniums: D, White 
rfection Geranium; C, Heliotropes; E, Carnations; G, Asters; F, Zinnias; II and I, Stocks. 




DIACBAJI No. 2. 



14 



EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 



A, Ricmns, Sanvitalia procumbens roiiud it; B, Scarlet Verbenas; 
C, White Verbenas ; D, Purple ; E, Striped, Pink and AVliite ; F, Eichest 
Crimson ; G, Pure White ; H, Brightest Pink ; I, Darkest Maroon. The 
outer beds can be each of one kind of plant, Heliotropes, Carnations, 
Geraniums, Pelargoniums, Asters, Balsams, Zinnias, and Stocks, or 
any flowers that suit the owner's taste. 




OC^ <00 




Diagram No 3. 

In the center mound, plant a fine specimen of Arundo donax, or one 
of the Pampas Grass. In each of the pear-shaped beds, put a different 
colored geranium, the tallest species at the stem end, and the Tom 
Thumb varieties at the broadest edge. In the circles plant some white 
flowers that Avill retain their beauty. In the crescents, brilliant scarlet 
flowers; and in the bordering of the half moon, either try ribbon 
gardening, or fill up with a mosaic in squares of scarlet, white, purple, 



EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 15 

orange, blue, bright pink, crimson, and all the numberless shades that 
flowers afford. These beds furnish a great scope for exercising one's taste 
in arranging colors; and very brilliant effects may be produced without 
a great outlay of time or money. 

The crescent-shaped garden can be approached from the main walk, 
and if the walks are hardened with ashes, it can be easily tended. All 
flower beds should be dug a foot deep ; well enriched with animal or 
mineral manures ; the lumps all finely pulverized, and the surface of 
the beds raked as smoothly as possible. 

Portulacca, NemopMla, Thrift, GypsopJiila and Dwarf Asters make 

very pretty edgings. 

Rihlon Gardening. 

Flowers may be planted in ribbon fashion, that is, by employing those 
of primary colors, and arranging them with the tallest for the back- 
ground, or in the center. If sowed in a circular bed, be sure to have a 
brilliant scarlet or white flower in the center, which should be taller 
than all the rest. A Scarlet Geranium {Gen. Grant), for the center. 
White Feverfew surrounding that; Blue Larkspur should come next ; 
Yellow Calceolarias next; and then the Dwarf Asters, of a rich crimson 
color, bordering on purple, would contrast well. For borderings to the 
plans given in this chapter, the Hyacinth-flowered Stocks would ribbon 
beautifully. Plant a row of the Scarlet, then White, next Lilac, then 
Canary Colored, then Bright Pink. They will grow to the same height, 
and produce a fine effect. Verbenas are also excellent for this purpose, 
and can be planted in concentric circles or in parallelograms, with six 
or seven colors, arranging them as a rainbow. A narrow semi-circle 
thus planted could be called the rainbow garden. Phlox Drummondii, 
Candytuft, Lobelias and Zonale Geraniums can all be employed in 
ribbon gardening. Take care to arrange the colors with vivid contrasts 
— orange and purple, white and scarlet, but do not let blue and purple 
mingle. The arrangement of the ribboning must depend, of course, 
upon the stock of plants you possess, and after one year's trial you will, 
doubtless, succeed in producing a fine effect. The only requisite rules 
are, to arrange the plants according to their height and coloring, always 
planting the outer edges with some dwarf plant that contrasts strongly. 
The Alfernantheras, ornamental foliaged plants that grow but four or 
five inches high, are unsurpassed for edgings. They will receive due 
attention in the chapter devoted to Variegated Leaved Plants. 



16 EVERT WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

For plantiog iu masses of coloring, Truffanto Asters, Smith's Prize 
Balsam, Biaiithus jlorejileno, Linum coccincum, ScMzanthus atropur- 
puretfs, Calceolaria and Centranthus macrosi2Jho)i make a fine show. 
Plant a small bed of each. 

A bed of miniature flowers is always charming. Lobelia mar morata, 
Leptosiphon hybridus, Clintonia azurea grandiflora, Fenzleria dianthi- 
jlora and Grammantlies gentianoides are all dwarfs, and planted together 
with a bordering of Gypsophylla muralis, the effect is lovely ! A bed of 
Mignonette is indispensable, and it will flourish in the shade, and in 
damp places, blooming luxuriantly. 

Eockeiies. 

There are many plants which thrive much better in a sheltered, rocky 
situation, and thence has sprung up the fashion for constructing " Eock- 
eries." Or it happens that some large rocks crop out on a portion of 
ground which is within view of the house, and it is desirable to orna- 
ment them. In the latter case, you have only to plant strong growing 
vines with large foliage, such aa the Wild Grape Vine ; the Clematis, or 
Virgin's liower, that trails its white, starry blossoms, and its puffy, 
wooly seed pods all over the forests of this country. These two vines 
will render the offending rocks most picturesque. Southern ladies can 
entwine among them the lovely Yellow Jessamine of their woods, which 
throws a golden hue over all their forests. The Ampelopsis (or Vir- 
ginia Creeper), or Five Fingered Ivy, and the Aristolochia {or Dutch- 
man's Pipe), are also desirable for this purpose ; also the Ferijjlo cagrceca, 
or Silk Vine of the Southern States. 

One, or all of these vines, will soon render the obnoxious rocks a joy 
forever ! Artificial Rockeries are usually constructed of stones of various 
sizes, with the soil firmly embedded betwixt them. They can be made 
very easily from the clinkers of the coal furnace. If large pieces can 
be obtained, whitewash some of them to increase their picturesqueness. 
Boulders, stones from brooks, or hill sides, can all be used advanta- 
geously. 

Commence with the largest-sized stones, and build it up in an irregu- 
lar, jagged shape to imitate nature. A Rockery can be made as a 
receptacle of Mineralogical Specimens, which would increase its value. 

If you send to the woods and brooks for the stones, bring the soil 
thence, and, if not rich enough, add a little compost, but native Ferns 



EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 17 

and Vines do not require a large supply of stimulants. Plant the Fem3 
and Mosses on the shadiest side, and trail over the stones small vines, 
like the LysimacJiia numerlaria, Vinca, minor and major. Moneywort, 
Lobelias, varieties of the Sedums, and the various Annuals mentioned 
under that head, as desirable for rock work. The varieties of the Saxi- 
fragora, with their broad leaves, and large clusters of bright pink or 
red flowers, are very effective among the trailing vines and furns. 

A small Evergreen tree will show to advantage from some rocky 
point. 

The Alpine Plants are also lovely for such constructions. 

Crocus bulbs can be j^lanted among the smaller stones, and in the 
early Spring will make a fine show. After they have bloomed, their 
places can be filled with Dwarf Asters and Dwarf Stocks, Phlox Drum- 
mondii and Pmks. 

Eockeries can be rendered very ornamental additions to the lawn or 
shrubbery, but they require a tasteful eye to construct them, and a 
loving hand to tend them ; without these they can never be eye-sweet. 



OHAPTEE III. 



Annuals — Their Culture akd Treatment. 

" Come, ye soft sjiphs, 
Teach the fine seed, instinct with life, to shoot 
In earth's cold bosom, its descending root; 
"With pith elastic, stretch its rising stem. 
Part the twin lobes, expand the throbbing gem; 
Clasp in your airy arms the aspiring plume, 
Fan with your balmy breath its kindling bloom; 
Each widening scale, and bursting film unfold, 
Swell the green cup, and tint the flower with gold." 

Annuals are considered the chief ornaments of the flower garden 
throughout the summer and autumn, and many of them are desirable 
for house culture. 

They have great claims upon our attention, and should be more 
extensively cultivated in every garden. It is impossible to plant, in a 
private plat of ground, all the kinds and varieties that are oflered to us 
in the Seedsmen's Catalogues, but a judicious selection of the best kinds 
will give a charming assortment of brilliant flowers. 

It is almost superfluous to mention that annuals are plants which 
spring from seed, and perfect their growth and seed, and perish with the 
autumn ; though their life may be prolonged by cutting off the flowers, 
not allowing the seed-pods to form, and keeping them housed in the 
winter. 

They are divided into hardy ; half-hardy and tender ; and are Latives 
of various lands. Many of them have been greatly improved, by the 
care and patience of the florist, from their normal state, and tranriformed 
into flowers of the most gorgeous hues, and the most nerfect ^l-^pe, 



EVERT W03rAN HER OUTV FLOWER GARDENER, 19 

Asters, Balsams, Larkspurs, Petunias, Portulaccas, Stocks and Zinnias 
have all become exceedingly double and of every brilliant hue ; while 
many others have had their flowers much increased in size, and other- 
wise improved. 

These flowers are more generally cultivated than any other class of 
flowers, and they, alike, adorn the yard of the cottage, and ilaQ parterre 
of the palace. 

They will grow almost anywhere, and in any kind of soil, but thrive 
much better if heed is paid to their wants, and they are provided with 
a sunny location, well drained, and are well supplied with rich sandy 
loam ; though there are some kinds which prefer a clayey soil. There 
are only a few which require a very rich soil, yet, most of them will 
reward you with a brighter show of flowers if well fed. It does not pay 
to starve plants, any more than to starve animals. 

It is very desirable to locate your garden where it can be in constant 
view from the windows of the house ; flowers are our bosom friends and 
we desire to have them always in sight ; when weary they refresh one, 
when happy they add to one's happiness, and when sad and gloomy they 
give to one pleasant thoughts, smooth the care-worn brow, and uplift 
the heart to the Giver of all good things. 

To prepare the soil, let Mr. O'Shovelem dig up the grass-plat, if need- 
ful, and prepare the beds in front of the piazza, porch or sitting room, 
if it has a southeast direction ; if not, take the next best, a southwestern 
location. Few plants will thrive well in a northern exposure, though 
Pansies love the shade, and will flourish there. If you can procure a 
compost of sand (not sea sand), leaf mould, loam and manure — a quar- 
ter of each — you will have as good soil as you can desire; but if not 
within reach, take what offers, and if it is heavy and stiff", add sand to 
lighten it ; if friable and light, add ashes, muck or soil from old pas- 
tures, taken from under the sods. This is always desirable. Sand is 
also an essential. 

Laying out the Beds. 

Have the garden well spaded over, and then lay out the beds. If you 
have a geometrical eye, you can mark out circles, semi-circles, triangles, 
stars, diamonds and all sorts of curved beds; and if you can have all 
the assistance you desire from " men-folks," border their edges with nar- 
row strips of turf, which must be kept closely shaven, and not allowed 
to encroach upon the beds. 



20 EVERY woma:^ her own flower gardener. 

If you depend upon your own exertions, avoid the turf; for it exacts 
tuo much hard muscular work for Avomen to encounter. 

A bordering is now manufactured of Terra Cotta, Avhich is highly 
praised ; and it is said to withstand the frost and snow of the coldest 
regions. The Drain Pipe and Terra Cotta works in New York, make 
several styles. Tiles are also introduced with good effect. Box edgings 
are always tasteful and pretty. If you can possess none of these, you can, 
at least, border the beds with Dwarf Annuals and Perennials. The 
Tom Thumb plants of every kind are very pretty for this purpose ; the 
stone-crop and, indeed, all the varieties of Sedums, make effective 
edgings. GypsopMla muralis is also beautiful for an edging, and its 
spray-like flowers are indispensable for both vase and bouquet. They 
cover the flowers like a mist, increasing their charms by partly veiling 
them. 

Sowiny the Seed, etc. 

The hardy varieties, like Candytuft, Phlox Drummondii, Sweet 
Alyssum, Sioeet Peas, etc., can be sown as soon as the ground becomes a lit- 
tle warm, and the weather is in a degree settled. Indeed, all these kinds, 
and many others, will bloom earlier in the summer if they are planted 
in the autumn. The frost and snow does not disturb their rest. Sweet 
Peas are very essential for all gardens. Their fragance is grateful to 
all ; and a bunch of the new colored ones, mingled with the old favorites, 
equals the soft and liquid tints of the sunset cloud. But don't put 
Scarlet Geraniums or Verheyias among them ; their vivid hues will pale 
and dim the beauteous Peas. 

They bloom much more profusely, if planted four or five inches in 
depth, and are not so apt to mildew. 

The half-hardy annuals should not be sown, excepting in the South, 
before the middle of May ; and the tender ones, not until June, if one 
desires good success in their vegetation and growth. 

A large amount of vexation might be avoided if amateur florists would 
pay a little heed to natural laws. 

For both half-hardy and tender Annuals, planting in-doors, or under 
glass, is very needful. If this is done, they can be brought forward so 
as to bloom by the last of June, or the first of July, and one is fully 
repaid for the extra trouble by their graceful, lovely flowers. All these 
varieties of Annuals require transplanting. No Aster, Petunia, Stock 
or Zinnia will show its beauty if not allowed plenty of room in which 



EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 21 

to grow and bloom. So, it is as well to transplant them from boxeis, or 
hotbeds, early in the summer, when all fear of frost is past, as to do it 
later from the garden beds. 

Seeds of various sizes require different depths of covering. The 
smaller the seed, the less the soil it needs to plant it, and the finer the 
soil should be. 

Portulaccas, Petunias, and all tiny seeds, should be mixed with sand, 
and sprinkled or sifted on to the earth prepared for them, and then 
gently pressed down with the flat of the trowel or the hoe. The general 
rule for planting has been to the depth of three times the diameter of 
the seed. 

Too deep planting is a fruitful source of the usual loss of seeds, so 
much complained of by amateur gardeners. 

The several essentials to successful germination of seeds of all kinds 
are suitable soil, suitable moisture and warmth; if these are in excess, 
or not sufficient, some, if not all, of the seeds will fail. 

In planting seeds in the open border, the soil must be thoroughly 
pulverized, no little lumps left in it to destroy plant life. 

Rake in the seeds, scattering them thinly around; or, a better way is 
to tie a string to two small sticks ; plant one of them firmly m the earth, 
and with the other draw a circle of the dimensions you may desire ; 
wind up the string until you have it of the right length, then plant the 
seeds in the circle, and label them. Don't trust to your memory for the 
names, and then say "this pink flower, that red one, and the other blue 
or yellow one," but learn their names, and call them by them. 

One often rebels at the many-syllabled word that is applied to a tiny 
mite of a flower; yet, that same Latin word tells to every botanist its 
class and order, while the common, familiar, local name is recognized 
only by one language. 

Miss Mitford says : "One is never thoroughly sociable with flowers 
until they are naturalized, as it were, christened, provided with decent, 
homely, well- wearing English names." 

The practice of giving Latin names to flowers and plants has been 
styled pedantic. It is not so ; for it conveys an idea of the flower to every 
student of Botany and Gardening in every nation. 

Leigh Hunt thus writes upon the names of flowers: 

" Pink is not by itself a pretty name, but we have associated it since 
our first dawnings of infancy, with the sweetness of the flower, so now 



22 EVERT WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

the name and flower are one, and the poor monosyllable becomes rich in 
sweetness and appropriateness." 

And again : 

" Browallia is a pretty name, and was given to a Peruvian flower by 
Linnaeus in honor of a friend of his by the name of Browall ; yet the 
name gives no idea of the flower which is remarkably attractive ; " and, 
he suggests that BrowalVs Beauty would have immortalized both the 
friend and the flower, and have advertised its claims to the regard of the 
florist. 

A short digression from seed planting, fair friends, which it is to be 
hoped you will pardon and overlook. 

"When your seeds are planted, unless the day is cloudy and showery, 
they will require shading from the heat of the sun. 

I find old newspapers are the best protection ; but, if the patches are 
small, flower pots can be inverted over them. The newspapers must be 
laid over the seeds, after they have been well watered, and fastened at 
the corners by small stones or a handful of the earth. At night they 
should be removed to let the dew moisten the ground, and put back 
before it is dried up in the morning. Continue this until the tiny leaf- 
lets appear ; then remove them entirely. If the ground is dry the seeds 
must be thoroughly wet every night. Moisture is very needful to ger- 
minate seeds; without its aid they cannot sprout. The would-be florists 
often plant their seeds as the Catalogues direct and then give no farther 
heed to them. You will often hear it said, " I can't make annuals grow. 
I planted fifty to sixty varieties, and not half a dozen of them ever 
sprouted. I have no faith in the seedsmen ; they send out old seeds and 
keep all the new for their own gardens." 

"Did you water them well, and shade them from the noontide heat?" 
is asked. " Why, no ! I never thought of that. I planted them, and 
supposed that was enough." 

My fair friends, unless the clouds favor you and drop rain, or hide the 
^nn for three or four days, your seeds will become baked and shriveled, 
and you cannot expect them to grow. 

The thin-skinned seeds will germinate most quickly, while those that 
are shrouded in horny textures, vegetate more slowly. It is always well 
to soak all such seeds. Verbena seeds require twenty-four hours soak- 
ing in warm water, and the seeds of the lovely, graceful Cypress vine 
will not germinate unless boiling water is poured upon them. 



EVERT WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. /i3 

Transplanting Seedlings. 

When ihe tiny plants have put forth the fourth or fifth leaf, it is time 
to provide them with permanent homes. If this is done in the early 
morning of a warm day — or even later in the forenoon — you may be 
sure that you will lose your plants. But select a showery, cloudy day, 
following a dry season, or plant after night-fall, and then water, and 
shade from the sun of the next day, and you will hardly lose one plant, 
or even have a leaf curl. 

Annuals of most kinds must have plenty of space to grow in. There 
are few that are not improved by transplanting. Salpiglossis will grow 
to better advantage thickly planted ; also. Erysimum PerofFskianum, 
whose brilliant orange flowers render it desirable to every garden. 
Mignonette, Larkspurs and Poppies will not bear transplanting ; they 
grow from a tap root, and do not easily attach themselves to a new home 
after their growth is once started. 

If Annuals are not planted anew after germinating, their growth is 
weak and spindling, and they soon cease flowering ; while, on the other 
hand, they will grow luxuriantly, and blossom until the frost withers 
their fair bloom, if their quarters are ample. Asters should be planted 
a foot asunder each way ; and Stocks, Balsams, Zinnias and Petunias 
require as much room, if not more, to bring them to a state of perfec- 
tion ; and, if mulched with fine manure early in July, they will bloom 
magnificently. 

Wliat Shall We Plant 1 

This is the query of many women who examine the Illustrated Cata- 
logues, and are not familiar with the high-sounding names, and, there- 
fore, totally at loss to know what are desirable and needful out of the 
thousands of varieties, illustrated and described therein. 

I will give a list of those whose beauties are familiar to me, and whose 
names are household words : 

Asters, Trufi'auts, Rose Asters, Imbrique, Pompone, Chrysanthemum 
Flowered, Bouquet, in all their varied colorings and shapes. No garden 
can afford to be without one or all of these varieties ; and they take 
chief rank in the tribe of Annuals. 

Amaranthus melancholicus, variegated leaves. 

Anagallis. 

Abrobra, a lovely climber. 

Abronia, very effective for rock-work. 



24 EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

Ageratum, lavender blue and white. 

Acroclinium, white and pink. 

Balsams, Smith's Prize and Camellia flowered. 

Bartonia aurea, golden yellow. 

Browallia, blue with white center, white. 

Cacalia, orange scarlet, and yellow. 

Calandrinia, crimson, white, pink and lilac. 

Coreopsis Burridgii, and coronata. 

Canary Bird Flower, beautiful vine. 

Candytuft, Avhite, purple and crimson. 

Celosia spicata rosea, everlasting flower. 

Centranthus, white, flesh colored and pink. 

Cerastium, ornamental foliage, for edgings on rock-work. 

Chlora grandiflora, bright orange changing to red. 

Chrysanthemum coronarium, flore pleno. 

Clarkia integripetela, magenta crimson, rich. 

Clianthus Dampierii. 

Clintonia azurea grandiflora, desirable for rock-work and baskets. 

Coba:a scandens, a climber of rapid growth. 

Collinsia, various colors, pretty for ribbon borders. 

Convolvulus aureus superbus, a golden yellow variety. 

Convolvulus mauritanicus, perfect for roses and baskets 

Cyanus (Ladies' Delight). 

Cypress Vine, the most graceful of climbers. 

Eschscholtzia Californica, several colors. 

Euphorbia variegata. 

Fenzlia, dwarf growth, effective in rustic decorations. 

Gilia, various colors. 

Godetia, useful in ribbons. 

Gypsophylla muralis and elegans. 

Helliophila araboides, bright blue, useful for edgings. 

Inopsidium acaule, sky blue, loves the shade. 

Ipomrea hederacea superba, a beautiful vine. 

Kaulfussia atroviolacea. 

Larkspur (Hyacinth flowered). 

Leptosiphon hybridus, dwarf edgings. 

Linum, in several colors. 

Lobelia, blue, white and rose color, dwarf. 



EVERY WOMAN HER OWN ILOWER GARDENER. 25 

Lupms, of all colors. 

Macliajruntlicra tanaceifolia, bright purple, golden center. 
Marigolds, new varieties are very attractive. 
Mignonette, Parson's new white and the crimson lloweretL 
Nasturtiums, of all varieties. 
Nemesia compacta elegans. 

Nemophila, delicate flowers, very dwarf, love the shade. 
Nigella Tonlanesiena. 
Oxyura, golden yellow, edged with white. 
Sweet Peas of all colors. 
Perilla Nankinensis, dark rich foliaged plant. 
Phlox Drummondii, of every shade 
Poppy, carnation colored. 
Portulacca, double and single. 
Eicinus, ornamental foliaged. 
Salpiglossis, very beautiful. 
Salvia splendens. 

Sanvitalia procumbens, suitable for edgings and rock-work. 
Saponaria acymoides, lovely for borderings. 
Scabiosa (or Mourning Bride), flore pleno. 
Schizanthus, all colors. 
Statice hybrida. 

Stocks, German Dwarf, pyramidal, new hybrid. 
Tagetes pumila, marigold of beautiful foliage and flower. 
Trifolium (ornamental clover). 
Tropffiolum, finest mixed varieties. 
Viscaria elegans picta. 

Vittadina (Australian Daisy), a good edging. 
Whitlavia, blue and white. 

Zea Japonica (Japanese Maize), ornamental foliage. 
Zinnia Elegans, flore pleno, all colors. 
Zinnia Mexicana pumila, very double and brilliant. 
Among this list of Annuals several climbers have been included; for 
other species, consult the chapter on Vines and Climbers. 

Training and Watering Annuals. 

There are few plants that are not benefited by judicious training and 
pruning. 



26 EVERT WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

Balsams are greatly improved by pinching oflF the side shoots, and 
allowing only the stalks to grow ; or the main shoot may be left to 
itself, and all the strength of the plant thrown into it, producing an 
upright stem loaded with gorgeous chalices of bloom. Manure water 
will increase the size of the flowers, and, thus grown, they make splendid 
pot plants. 

The scissors are useful about many other plants ; and their side growth 
should be checked, and less latitude allowed to their branches. 

Zinnias, Stocks and Asters should have the laterals trimmed off; 
their beauty is improved, if they are kept within bounds. 

In watering Annuals, and all flowers, care should be taken to apply 
it after the sun has set ; if water is given in the morning, when the sun 
is hastening forward to drink up every drop, it is of but little use to 
the plant ; and, if it is given at noon-tide, when the sunbeams fall fiercely 
hot, it scorches the plants as though Jack Frost had bitten them. The 
cold drops, falling on the heated surface of the soil, produce the same 
effect as a chill. 

Water slightly warmed to the hand is far more eflBcacious than that 
drawn directly from aqueducts or cisterns. If it sets in the sun all day, 
it will be of the right temperature to apply at night. 

English books on gardening, often denounce the practice of frequent 
watering ; but they are no guides for American gardens. Their misty, 
moisty island, enveloped in clouds, promotes moisture sufficient for their 
needs ; while our heated atmosphere drinks up every drop from the soil. 
If it has rained during the day the watering pot can hang upon its peg ; 
but if not, its attendance is highly essential for the growth of all tender 
Annuals, and delicate bedding-out plants. 

Many ladies complain of their ill luck in floriculture; no plant 
thrives with them. Why is this ? 

Because they neglect the floral darlings. They are assiduous in their 
attention to them while planting or transplanting them ; but then their 
energy fails ; they think that the sun, rain and dew will do the necessary 
work, and they can rest from their labors. 

They never fail to do their appointed work ; but you must cultivate 
in season and out of season if you would raise — 

" Bright gems of earth in which, perchance, we see 
What Eden was— what Paradise may be." 



CHAPTER lY, 



Peeeknials and Biennials. 

" Well they reward the toil. 
The sight is pleased, the scent regaled ; 
Each opening blossom freely breathes around 
Its gratitude, and thanks us with its sweets." 

Perennial plants are those which live and blossom through many 
successive seasons. If planted very early in the border, or brought for- 
ward in the hotbed or in window gardens, they bloom the first season, 
and many of them are hardy enough to withstand the coldest winters of 
northern New England, while others require protection, and the tender 
ones must be housed in the cellar to await the return of spring. 

Perennials die down every year, but the faithful old roots live, and 
when the sun awakes them from their wintry sleep, they spring up anew, 
and delight our senses. 

These plants are very deserving of the attention of the amateur florist. 
They ask but little at one's hands, and will grow and bloom for many 
years under great neglect. Yet if their roots are not divided, and their 
food renewed — after a few years they will dwindle away, and finally 
perish. 

Many kinds are raised from seeds. Others by cuttings or increase of 
the roots ; and once in three or four years they require to be taken up, 
divided, and reset. They flourish best in a light, rich soil. 

Dicentra spectahilis, an importation from China, stands at the head 
of the list for its beauty, grace and hardy qualities. Linnaeus knew of 
its loveliness, and named it Corydalis formosa. Mr. Fortune introduced 



28 EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

it into England less than twenty years ago, and it has been called 
Dilytra, Diclytra, and Dicentra, which are its proper names. 

It seeds sparingly, but a white variety has been introduced, whether 
from seed or from China, I know not. It multiplies rapidly by the 
roots ; the foliage resembles that of a Pseony, and its flowers are rose 
colored, tipped with white, and hang from long racemes. As a lawn 
plant, for early spring and summer blooming, it is unsurpassed. 

Perennial Flax {Li?ium pere7ine), is a native from beyond the Missis- 
sippi, and is beautiful in color and shape. Its flowers are celestial blue, 
and they are very abundant. The plant continues in bloom all summer, 
and is an addition to every garden. 

Missouri Evening Primrose {(Enothera macrocarpa), also blooms all 
summer; its flowers are a golden yellow, and the plant is dwarf inhabit, 
but the flowers do not open until the sun's rays are declining. 

Petunias are half hardy Perennials, which usually rank with Annuals 
in the northern part of the United States. They are desirable for the 
smallest plat of ground — as they grow luxuriantly and flower profusely. 
They take front rank now, and their curious blotchings and veinings 
render them very beautiful. The double varieties possess a spicy fra- 
grance, and many of them are as beautifully striped and mottled as a 
carnation. 

Columbines, Lychnis, French Honeysuckles, Phlox, Pinks, Achillea 
and Campanula are all very beautiful, and if raised from seeds will 
increase rapidly from the roots. 

The Perennial Larkspurs have received great additions to their num- 
bers of late years, and are greatly improved in coloring and the size 
of the flowers. The blue species possess the most perfect tints — vie 
with the hues of a cloudless sky ! 

There are no directions needful for preparing the soil, or planting the 
seeds, as they are given so fully in the previous chapter. 

October is the best month for dividing and transplanting the roots. 
All perennial plants admit of dividing and transplanting, and it greatly 
increases the size and beauty of the flowers, and enhances their colors. 

The roots of those kinds not found in the seed catalogues, can be 
purchased at the florist's at slight expense, excepting the rarer kinds 
and the novelties. 

Trees and Shrubs, and nearly all the so-called bedding-out plants, 
are strictly speaking perennials ; yet the term is more particularly applied 



EVERT W03IAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 29 

to those flowers whose stems and leaves annually decay, the roots retain- 
ing their Yitality. I shall treat more fully of them under the chapter on 
Pseonies and Herbaceous plants. 

I append a list of the most desirable grown from seed :— 

Antirrhinum (or Snap-dragon), all colors, hardy. 

Aconitum napellus (Monkshood), blue and white, hardy. 

Agrostemma hybride flore pleno, hardy. 

Alyssum saxatile, golden yellow, hardy. 

Aquilegia (Columbine), hardy. 

Aralis alpine, hardy. 

Aruieria splendens (Thrift), half hardy. 

Astragalus galegiformis, yellow, hardy. 

Aubletia deltoides, hardy, and beautiful for rock work. 

Bellis (Double Daisy), half hardy. 

Bryonia alba — a trailer, white flowers, hardy. 

Calceolarias, half hardy, very beautiful. 

Campanula, white, blue, lilac and purple. 

Iberis sempervirens, Perennial Candytuft. 

Carnations, half hardy, very desirable. 

Catananche bicolor, hardy, white, with violet center. 

Chelone barbata, hardy perennial. 

Chrysanthemum japonicum, very rare. 

Commelyne (Spiderwort), half hardy. 

Cowslip, hardy. 

Datura, half hardy. 

Delphinium (Perennial Larkspur). 

Dianthus of all kinds, hardy and half hardy. 

Digitalis, hardy perennial, 

Dodecatheon Meadia, hardy. 

Forget-me-not, hardy. 

Fraxinella, hardy. 

Galega, lilac, white. 

Gentiana macrophylla, deep blue. 

Guem coccineum (Scarlet Avens), hardy. 

Perennial Lupins, hardy. 

Everlasting Pea, hardy. 

Lavender spica, hardy, 

Liatris seuarrosa (Blazing Star), a prairie flower. 



30 EVERT WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

Lobelia hybridus. 

Lychnis haageane, white, red, scarlet. 

Mimulus, half hardy. 

Pansies. 

Papaver (Perennial Poppy). 

Penstemnon, white, scarlet, rose, blue, purple. 

Petunia. 

Phlox decussata. 

Phygelius capensis. 

Picotee Pink. 

Paisley Pink. 

Potentilla, golden, crimson, yellow and white. 

Sedum (Stonecrop). 

Sweet "William, Hunt's perfection. 

Tritoma uvaria, half hardy. 

Verbascum, hardy, white, lilac. 

Verbena, half hardy. 

Wall flower, very double, half hardy. 

Biennials. 

These are plants which, like Annuals, generally die after producing 
their flowers and seeds, but are two years in perfecting these, and in 
some instances may be induced to flower for two or three successive 
seasons by preventing them from going to seed ; their general culture 
is the same as for Annuals. 

One of the most beautiful is the German Brompton Stock. The 
greatest improvements have been made in these flowers, and they are 
now very desirable plants for border or lawn. They are half hardy, will 
require protection during the winter in northern climates — but will 
fully repay the care they demand. Any particularly fine plant can be 
propagated by cuttings, yet they do not always flower as well as those 
raised from seeds. 

Among the Biennials most deserving of culture are : — 

Canterbury Bells, double and single varieties, hardy. 

Carduus, hardy. 

Humea, elegant, half hardy. 

Hollyhocks, half hardy. 

Hyoscyamus, hardy. 



EVERT WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 31 

Ipomopsis, half hardy, orange, scarlet, rose. 

Silene ornata, hardy biennial. 

Silylum elurnium (Ivory Thistle), hardy. 

German Stocks, new dwarf bouquet. 

Stocks, French winter, or Cocardean. 

Scarlet Giant Cape. 

Trachelium coeruleum, hardy. 



CHAPTER Y, 



Geean"iums akb Pelargoniums. 

*' A brilliant carpet of unnumbered dyes, 
With sweet variety enchants the eyes." 

These well-known flowers have adorned the gardens, and been florists' 
favorites for many years. Their pleasing foliage, and brilliant bloom, 
well merit the estimation in which they are held. Leigh Hunt, the 
genial Essayist, says : — " Everything about the geranium is handsome, 
not excepting its name, which cannot be said of all flowers, though we 
get to love ugly words when associated with pleasing ideas. The word 
Geranium is soft and elegant ; the meaning is poor, for it comes from a 
Greek word signifying a Crane, the fruit, or seed pod, resembling the 
form of a crane's bill. But what a reason for naming the flower ! as if 
the fruit were anything in comparison, or any one cared about it. It 
would be far better to invent joyous and beautiful names for these 
images of joy and beauty." 

Linnaeus named the Geranium from Geranos, a crane, for the reason 
that Mr. Hunt gives. The plant is often confounded with the Pelar- 
gonium, which differs from it in size, shape and coloring of its flowers, 
and it is strictly exotic. It was named from Pelargos, a stork, on account 
of the resemblance of its capsules to the bill and head of that bird. 
They are placed in the same class of the LinuEean system as the 
Geranium {MonadelpMa), but in the fourth order (Ileptcjidria), while 
the other is in the sixth order {Decandi'ia). 

There has been a good deal of confusion with regard to the names of 
the two plants, and their numerous varieties, but the der'va-tion of their 
titles settles the vexed question. 



EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 33 

The careful and patient hybridization of the French, English and 

American florists have bronght these flowers to a high standard of 

perfection. 

Tlie Double Geraniums. 

Lemoine, the chief of the Geranium culturists, introduced the new 
double varieties, which have become a decided acquisition. They do 
not drop their leaves, like the single varieties, and their clusters of 
flowers are of an immense size. They are of all shades of scarlet and 
bright rosy pink; some have produced heads bearing from sixty to eighty 
perfect flowerets. They outrank all other kinds of Geraniums, and 
yearly their number increases. They flourish better if partially shaded 
from the intense heat of the noonday sun, and will bloom until the 
frost comes, in the greatest perfection. 

No white variety has yet been introduced, but M. Lemoine will succeed 
in procuring one, if skill and patience can produce it. 

Gloire de Nancy is a brilliant scarlet^ much admired. 

Marie Lemoine is a dwarf variety, of a bright rosy-pink hue, very 
elegant. 

Emile Lemoine is of a cherry-carmine. 

Gloire de Doubles is a novelty for 1871 ; of the richest cerise tint, 
with a distinct white center ; far superior to the other varieties. 

Crown Prince is of a dwarf habit, and of the brightest rose color. 

TJie Zonale Geraniums. 

But the double varieties are not the only ones which should claim our 
attention. Some of the new Zonale species are admirable in coloring, 
aiid of very free growth ; their trusses of flowers are five to six inches 
in diameter; and they are found in all shades, from the most dazzling 
crimson and the brightest rose to the purest white. 

The most desirable are : — 

King of the Eoses, a most brilliant scarlet, shaded to magenta. 

Geant de Battailles, a dark, rich crimson. 

Mrs. Keeler, of a rosy, peach-blossom hue. 

Among the older varieties, and less costly, are: — 

Christine, a lovely rosy-pink. 

Gen. Grant, a dazzling scarlet, and decidedly the most profuse blowei 
of the red varieties. 

lueomparable has striped flowers, white on a clear salmon ground. 



34 EVERY W03IAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENEB. 

]\raid of Kent, ricliest shade of pink. 
Madame Werle, white, with a pink center. 
Eeiue des Vierges, purest white. 

Warrior, hirge clusters of the most intense scarlet ; very superior. 
Blue Bells, a rich shade of magenta pink, each blossom of immense 
size. 

Coleshill, enormous scarlet truss, and blows freely. 

Liliputian Zonales, or Tom Thumh Geraniums. 

These comprise a dwarf section of this species, and grow from six to 
ten or twelve inches high ; are very stocky, and their flowers equal in 
size and beauty of coloring those of larger growth. They are a very 
attractive plant, and make pretty borderings for beds or mounds of the 
taller kinds. 

Baby Boy, scarlet, with white eye. 

Little Dear, a delicate rose, spotted with white. 

Little Gem, brilliant vermillion, Avith white center. 

Christabel, very dwarf, rosy pink. 

Cupid, a salmon color, with white eye. 

Pretty Jemima, dazzling scarlet, white center. 

Golden and Silver Tri- Color Geraniums. 

These varieties are noticed under the head " Ornamental " Foliaged 
Plants; and the Ivy-Leaved Geraniums are embraced under the same 
heading. 

The Siveet Scented Geraniums. 

These plants are indispensable for bouquets and vases, their fragrance 
being agreeable to all lovers of flowers. 

Formerly, the Rose and the Oak-Leaved were the only kinds commonly 
cultivated, but now there are a dozen varieties from which to make a 
selection, and all of them are desirable and beautiful, indeed, are quite 
essential, for there are few plants which afford such graceful back- 
grounds for borders or bouquets. 

Denticulatum is a rose-scented variety, with finely cut foliage. 

Lady Plymouth is also rose-scented, and its leaves are prettily mar- 
gined with white. 

Shrubland Pet is of dwarf growth, and very sweet scented. 



EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 35 

Odoratissimum possesses a spicy apple perfume, 

Graveolens is of a pleasant scent, with bright flowers. 

All these plants will grow luxuriantly with but little care. Any one 
can raise Geraniums. They delight in a good, rich Joam, Avith a mulch 
of manure; have a special fancy for "barn -yard coffee," or liquid 
manure. If watered with it, twice a week during the summer, will bloom 
profusely. If your plants are old, prune them closely, cutting the 
branches well in, and they will reward you for the sacrifice. If they are 
taken from pots, you should also prune the roots, cutting away all the 
largest roots to within five or six inches of the main stalk. After this 
vigorous pruning, the plants should not be exposed to the heat of the 
day, but must be shaded for a day or two, until they recover from their 
loss; but thus treated they will speedily put forth new roots, leaves and 
bads. 

If the bed is shaded a little during the hottest part of the day, they 
will bloom the better. 

To produce the largest clusters of flowers, the stalk alcove the buds 
should be pinched off, thus throwing all the strength of the plant into 
the formation of flowers. 

A rich, light loam will grow Geraniums to perfection, and the soil 
fresh from the woods and pastures, if enriched with well-rotted cow 
manure, is the best that can be obtained. Plants delight in a virgin 
soil, and those who live in the country can provide themselves with it 
by lifting the sods from cow or sheep pastures, and taking the earth 
from under them. 

If cuttings are desired from the Geraniums, they should be taken in 
July, from the healthiest plants, and planted in small pots filled with a 
compost of loam and sand, having one or two inches of the former on 
top of the pot. Insert the cutting firmly, and keep the sand sopping 
wet until it has rooted. When one or two leaves are developed, trans- 
plant it into a larger pot, with a compost of one-third rotted cow manure, 
one-third black loam, and one- third sand, and by November you will 
have vigorous plants for house culture. The large roots can be lifted 
from the ground before the frost blights their leaves, and after cutting 
away all the tender shoots and buds, and shaking the earth from their 
roots, hang them up in a dark, cool, dry, but frost-proof cellar, heads 
downward. In the Spring they can be brought to the light, the 
branches cut in, and though they will loo^c shabby enough, yet, if 



36 EVERT WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

planted in boxes in a warm kitchen, tliey will put fortli leaves and vege- 
tate rapidly, and can then be transplanted into the borders. The tender 
branches and buds should be cut off, else they will continue for awhile 
to grow in the cellar, and thus lose their lives. 

Cuttings can be started in the open borders, but they are not as sure 
to live. It is no more trouble to grow a Geranium than a cabbage, 
yet one is far more desirable than the other, unless hunger is at the 
door. 

Geraniums are never attacked by the aphis, or red spider, and this is 
a great attribute ; one is not forced to fight for their lives. 

The Pelargonium. 

The flowers of this plant are much sought after on account of their 
perfect coloriiig and blotches. There are all shades of scarlet, crimson, 
pink, purple and white ; the lower leaves, and frequently the upper, are 
veined and blotched with the darkest crimson, purple and red, beautifully 
veined with the lighter shades. The leaves of the plant are more 
pleasantly perfumed than those of the Geranium, and have no zonale, 
or horse-shoe marldngs, but are of a rich, vivid green. No description 
can convey any idea of the beauty of the flowers. They bloom in border 
or bed all the summer, and are to be had in hundreds of varieties. They 
are propagated both from cuttings and seeds, and the " novelties" are 
produced by careful hybridization. They require a light, sandy loam, 
well enriched with cow manure, and if they are not plentifully supplied 
with water, their buds will wither away. They need more sunlight 
than the Geranium to bloom in perfection. Some of them are tall in 
growth, and produce a good effect planted singly on the lawn. They 
are the most showy-flowered of all the bedding-out plants, excepting tiie 
Scarlet Salvia, and their varied tints and exquisite colors make them 
very desirable in the smallest garden. 

Their habit is not always compact, but they can be cut and trimmed 
to a fine shape, and the older X)lants require such treatment to bloom 
well, the second year. 

Among the many varieties offered for our selection, the most desirable 
ones are : — 

Gen. Taylor, of a rich crimson, blotched with the darkest tint of red. 

Niagara, white, striped and blotched with crimson. 

Competitor, black, edged with rose. 



EVERY WOMAN IIER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. '67 

Emperor of Pelargonium, very large flower of snowy whiteness, 
spotted with violet, tinged with rose; petals finely fringed. 

Eligible, a pink crimson, with white edges, and violet blotches and 
veins. 

Dr. Andre, pink and white, petals fringed. 

Cloth of Silver, petals of silvery whiteness, blotched with delicate 
rose. 

Crimson King, a rich crimson, beautifully veined and blotched. 

Princess Hortense, orange-salmon, edged with pink. 

Eclipse, clear white petals, marked with maroon. 

Belle of Paris, rich violet crimson, upper petals spotted ; an immense 
cluster of flowers. 



CHAPTER YI. 



Bedding-out Plants, Pansies, Verbenas, Heliothopes, 
Feverfews, Etc. 

" Your voiceless lips, O flo-wovs, arc living preachers! 
Each cnp a pulpit, every loaf a hook! 
Supplying to my fancy numerous teachers 
From loneliest nook.'' 

The yarieties of plants called by florists bedtling-ont plants, are very 
popular — and deservedly so. Their flowers present a brilliant mess of 
coloring all the summer, and their hues are richer than those of moSt 
other flowers. 

Pansies are great favorites — they will grow in shady nooks where no 
other flower can bloom — and their flowers continue from the earliest 
spring until the latest autumn. Various and familiar are the names by 
which the Pansy has been known for centuries. 

Gerard, who wrote a long description of it, says it was known 
as Love-in-idleness, Jump-np-and-kiss-me, Three-faces-nnder-a-hood, 
Heart's-ease, and Pansy. The Italians named it Kola farfaUa (Violet 
Butterfly). 

Lady Mary Bennet of England, afterwards Lady Monck, first intro- 
duced the Pansy to the attention of the florists. Early in the pi'esent 
century, she planted all the varieties of the Heart's-ease which she could 
procure, and with the skillful aid of her gardener, new varieties were 
produced from seed. 

About 1813, the well-known florist, Mr. Lee, of Vineyard Nursery, at 
Hammersmith, saw Lady Mary's collection, and immediately perceived 
the profit that would accrue from the cultivation of this flower. His 



EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 39 

skill and patience were rewarded by the production of still more beauti- 
ful varieties. Other nurserymen followed his example, and in a few 
years the unpretending Heart's-ease took its place as a florist's flower of 
no small pretensions. The French name Pensees Avas the origin of the 
English word Pansy. 

Milton alhides to it as the "pansy freak'd with jet" amongst those 
"vernal flowers," whose "quaint enamel'd eyes a sad embroidery wear." 
Another writer says : — 

"Are not Pansiee emblems meet for thought ? 
The pure, the chequered— gay aud deep by tuma ; 
A line for every mood the bright things wear, 
In their soft, velvety coats." 

One must not suppose that rich soil or careful culture have wrought 
such wonderful changes in the Pansey. This is only the first step in 
the march of improvement. 

The seeds of the finest flowers were carefully preserved, and the finest 
of the young seedlings were selected for seed. Hybrids were also ob- 
tained by fertilizing the stigma of one rarely colored flower, with the 
pollen of another of a larger variety. These hybrids generally possess 
in a great degree the peculiar qualities of each parent, and retain their 
peculiar markings. 

Innumerable are the varieties now cultivated ; there are upwards of a 
thousand named kinds catalogued by the English nurserymen. 

Mrs. Loudon says in her book upon " Floriculture," that " the varieties 
of forms and colors which appear m the plants raised from seed are so 
great that few floricultural pursuits can be more interesting than to sow 
a bed of Pansics, and watch when they flower for the varieties most 
desirable to perpetuate." 

By judicious management, a successive bloom can be retained for 
eight months in the year, and even a slight attention to their needs is 
rewarded by a profusion of beautiful flowers. There is no bedding-out 
plant which gives a more liberal supply of flowers — from the earliest 
spring to the latest autumn. 

Plants from seed blossom finely the first year, and give much larger 
flowers when the plant is small, for as it increases in size, the blooms 
though abundant are smaller and inferior in coloring. 

A constant succession of flowering plants should be brought forward 
daring the spring and summer months, and the plants kept young and 



40 EVERT W03IAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

Vigorous. This is often done by cuttings as well as seedlings. They 
can be grown more rapidly, and are certain to produce fine flowers. 

The cuttings should be taken from the points of the shoots, and cut 
about three inches long, and immediately below a joint. Strip off the 
lower leaves, and plant them in sand, pressing the soil closely around 
the stem. If planted on the north side of a fence or hedge in a sheltered 
location, with an inch of sand covering the cuttings, they will strike 
rapidly. If in pots, they should be covered with glass. In about six 
weeks they will be well rooted, and fit to transplant into the flowering 
beds, or into pots for window gardening. 

Pansies are often layered, by pegging down the young shoots with a 
hair pin, and covering all but an inch or two of the point with fine 
sand. 

An incision can be made at the joint, as is done in layering roses, 
but frequently they will make . root equally as well without using the 
knife. 

"When rooted, which can be told by the growth of new leaves — separate 
from the old plant, and either plant out in borders or in pots. 

They can also be increased by dividing the old roots, and the divisions 
will soon make fine plants. 

Seed can be sown early in the season, in a hot-bed — following directions 
given for planting seed, in Chapter II, and when the fourth or fifth leaves 
are formed, the plants can be put into the borders, and planted a foot 
apart each way to allow them room to grow. 

Pansies are very gross feeders, delighting in the richest soil, with 
plenty of liquid manure. If large blossoms are desired, the soil must 
be of the richest description. 

The best compost for them is one-third leaf mould, one-third thoroughly 
decayed barn-yard manure, and one-third light loam. In this soil they 
will blossom most gorgeously. The location should be on the north- 
west side of the house, and shaded from the noonday sun. They will 
not grow to advantage in either light, sandy soil, or much sunlight, but 
require moisture and shade, and copious waterings to produce perfect 
flowers. They are also great deteriorators of the soil, and will soon run 
out unless it is renewed. New beds do much better than old ones. 
After they have blossomed freely until July, cut down the branches several 
inches, mulch with well-rotted cow manure, and by September they wilJ 
be in a blaze of glory. 



EVERY ^YOMA^^ HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 41 

If tlie amateur florist desires to sow the seed from some especiall}' rare 
flowers, they should be carefully tied up, and no other flower be allowed 
to go to seed on the same j^lant. 

The seed may be sown in spring, summer or autumn ; in the two 
former seasons it can be planted in the open ground; in the latter in 
pots, so that the tender seedlings can be protected from the damp. 
Pansies are hardy perennials, but will wither away if water settles on the 
bed. They do not like either the wintry ice, or the excessive heat of 
summer. 

Violets, Siveet Violets. 

These flowers cannot compare with their beauteous sisters — the Pansiea 
— in size or colorings; they cannot boast such varied blotchings and 
veinings, but they possess a higher attribute in their rarely delicious 
odor — their perfume is unsurpassed by that of any other flower. They 
are always in demand, and are very easily raised. With slight protection 
they will live in the coldest climate, and before the Snow-drop hangs 
its pearly bell, they will be in full bloom. 

The Viola odorissima is the English variety most extensively culti- 
vated. Several new varieties have been introduced; among them the 
double blue Neapolitan is the most popular. The King of Violets has 
a very large flower, and is much cultivated for window gardens. The 
Czar is a fine variety ; and the Schoenbrun is a single variety, very sweet. 
There are white varieties, that are also much used by florists, but the 
blues are the greatest favorites. 

The Violet is the emblematic flower of the Bonapartes, as the Lily is 
of the Bourbons. Dame Rumor tells us that Eugenie expressed her 
willingness to accept the ofier of becoming Louis Napoleon's wife by 
dressing in an exquisite violet toilet — violets in her hair, about her dress, 
and a bouquet of them in her hand, which were perfectly significant to 
the wooer. The great Napoleon selected it as his flower, through 
Josephine's requesting it as a birthday gift. 

He cultivated them in large quantities in his garden at St. Helena, 
and they were planted over the grave of Josephine , and when he "was 
buried, his coffin was covered with the flowers he loved so well. 

Louis Napoleon is said to have made himself acquainted with those 
who were friendly to his interests, while carefully feeling his way to the 
throne, by a cautious display of violets. Sweet violets ! 



43 EVERY WOUAN HER OWX FLOWER GARDENER. 

The Heliotrope. 

Heliotropes fill an important place among "bedding-onf' plants, 
giving us a plentiful supply of flowers from June to October. Tliey arc 
desirable for tlieir fragrance, as well as for tlieir profusion of flowers. 
They were introduced into England from Peru in 1757, and the cottagers 
called it " Cherry Pie," from a fancied resemblance in its fragrance to 
the odor of that esteemed dish. It has also been called the "Vanilla 
Plant." The ilower first introduced was of a light lavender shade, and 
for many years no change of color Avas effected, but now it is offered 
from the darkest purple to the faintest shade of lavender. 

They make very line standards, trained from a single stem, from one 
to four feet high, with a head of several feet in diameter. 

The older the plant, the more profuse are its clusters of fragrant 
flowers. A cutting in the first year will grow very rank, but if cut back 
and pruned into one stem, it becomes woody, and will make a fine 
shrub. In California, they bloom as plentifully at Christmas as at 
Fourth of Jul}^, and it is not uncommon to see large trellises and walls 
covered with its branches and exquisite flowers — perfect bouquets of 
beauty, being always covered with flowers. The main stems of the plant 
are trained to the wall, and the branches droop gracefully. Any kind of 
turfy loam will grow it perfectly. It is propagated from cuttings with 
great ease. 

Of the very dark varieties, Etoile de ]\Iarseilles ranks first; flowers of 
a deep violet with Avhite center. 

Due de Lavendry is of a rich blush, with a dark eye. 

Incomparable is of a lovely bluish-lilac. 

Garibaldi is nearly white. 

Leopold 1st, of a deep violet blue. 

Madame Facilon, a clear violet tint. 

Malulatie is of the most delicate lilac. 

Verhe^ias. 
Among all the variety of " bedding-out" plants, which contribute to 
the gay and lively appearance of a garden, the Verbena is the most 
generally cultivated, and claims the first rank among brilliant flowers. 
Some of its varieties are sweet scented, but most of them depend for 
their merit upon their showy, gorgeous coloring, and their wonderful 
pi'ofusion of blossoms, which render them of the greatest value. There 



EVERY WOMAX HER OWX FLOWER GARDEXER. 43 

have been some splendid, new varieties introduced in the few past years, 
Avliose wondrous stripes and eyes are not approached by any of the older 
sorts. They are selected from many thousand seedlings, and are both 
rich and rare. 

But any one can raise new varieties from seed, and good culture will 
produce magnificent blooms. Seedlings will seed much more plentifully 
than flowers from cuttings, and the older the cutting the less seed it 
will give. 

Verbenas do not sprout readily from seed; they are encased in a 
horny substance, and should be soaked in warm water for twenty-four 
hours, and then planted in a light sandy loam, Avitli a good bottom heat. 
Thus treated they will germinate, and when the fourth leaf is formed, 
should be potted into thumb pots in sandy loam. 

Verbenas are natives of Brazil, and love the hot sun and sand. If 
the bed in which they are planted is covered two or three inches deep 
Avith common sand, they will bloom most perfectly. 

I once raised seventy verbenas from seed, and planted them in a very 
sandy soil. Such growth I never witnessed — they were magnificent ! 
As the plant sends out its first shoots, they should be pegged down with 
hair-pins, and thus coaxed to grow. When watered they desire a copious 
supply, and the suds from washing-day are very beneficial to them. 
Guano is also a good manure for them; dig an iron spoonful around 
each plant, not touching the stems. The green lice, or apJiis, are their 
plague in pot culture, but they are destroyed by smoking them with 
tobacco. Put the plants together, and throw some tobacco on hot coals 
in a pot saucer; cover the Avhole Avith a A\^asli tub, and let them smoke 
for ten or fifteen minutes, and the lice can be SAvept up and burned. 
Place the coals as far as possible from the plants, under the tubs, so 
as not to injure them Avith their heat. 

If plants are Avell shoAvered, no lice Avill appear — they do not Ioat 
moisture. 

If cuttings are desired for winter bloom, they should be taken off in 
August, so as to become Avell rooted. It neA'er pays to take up old plants 
for winter blooming. 

Among the ncAV Verbenas for 1871, are : — 

Annie, Avhite, crimson striped. 

Black Bedder, richest maroon. 

Conspicua, ruby-scarlet, Avhite eye. 



i4 EVERY W03IAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

Cupitl, very large, white, tinted with pink. 

Distinction, solferino, dark eye. 

Gazelle, deep blue, clear white eye. 

lona, large scarlet, yellow eye. 

Muriel, ruby-pink, white eye. 

Punctata, spotted and striped with carmine. 

Rising Sun, crimson, white eye. 

Sensation, waxy white, carmine eye. 

SnoAV Storm, pure white, large and fine. 

Spot, carmine, white eye. 

Tricolor, carmine, crimson and orange. 

Uniqne, white, carmine spot. 

All these varieties originated with Peter Henderson, the Prince 
of American Floriculture, and are sure to be true to description. Any 
one can raise a Verbena, and no garden can be complete without some 
of the hundreds of varieties offered by all florists. 

Salvias. 

These plants are the most gorgeous of all the fall-flowering plants; 
they grow from four to five feet high ; and the small plant, you purchase 
in the spring of the florist, will become by September a beautiful, sym- 
metrical bush, covered with tassels of the brightest scarlet flowers. They 
are unequaled for planting in masses, but are very tender, the first 
frost rendering them a blackened mass. 

Salvia splendens variegata is a novelty possessing finely variegated 
foliage, with flowers as brilliant as the common kind. The roots can 
be hung up in the cellar in the winter — like the Geraniums. 

Salvia patens is of a deep blue color, of the most perfect shade. It 
has a tuberous root, which can be kept like a Dahlia through the winter, 
in sand. 

The Ageratum. 

These plants are excellent for beds and borders, on account of their 
constant bloom. Their flowers are of light porcelain blue, in large 
clusters. 

Ageratum Mexicanum is of a light blue. 

A, variegatiim has leaves variegated with yellow, shading with 
crimson. 



EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 45 

A, Tom Thumb variety, growing from six to eight inches, is desirable 
for ribbon gardening ; contrasting beautifully with dark crimson leaves. 

Carnations, Calceolarias, Gazanias, Feverfews, Lobelias, Lan tanas, 
JVJ'eirembergias, Vincas, etc., etc., are all desirable for bedding-out plants 
and can all be raised from cuttings or seeds, but the former is the surest 
mode of propagation. 

IIoio to Grow Cuttings of Geraniums, Verbenas, etc., etc. 

To prepare pots for raising cuttings, fill them two-thirds full, with 
rich loam, dark and porous, not clayey and heavy; tlien pour on an inch 
or two of yellow sand. Wet this thoroughly, and place the cuttings 
close to the edge of the pot; the contact of the pottery promotes the 
growth of the cutting. Cuttings should be taken from the young and 
newly- formed wood of the plant; but the lower extremity of it should 
not be too young and soft, else it will absorb too much moisture and 
decay; neither should it be too old and hard, for then it will not imbibe 
moisture enough to enable it to throw out roots. Therefore, cuttings 
should be taken off at the junction of the old and new wood, so that 
these extremes will be avoided. They should be cut off just below a 
joint or bud, as the roots start from that point; and, if a bud is not 
left at the base, it is liable to decay ; the cut should be made smooth 
across the stem, taking care not to bruise the bark, or leave it jagged. 
Most of the hardy, wooded shrubs and plants are easily propagated by 
cuttings planted in the open air; but the tender, watery-stemmed plants 
like Verbenas, Heliotropes, Fuchsias, etc., should be covered with a 
hand glass, or raised in a hot-bed. A certain amount of heat, moisture 
and shade is required to enable cuttings to strike roots. Shade is need- 
ful, because an exposure to the sun or strong light evaporates the little 
moisture contained in the cuttings, and causes them to wither away. 

So, for three days, or until the cutting becomes wonted to its location, 
shade from exclusive sunlight. 

Peter Henderson recommends saucer propagation. 

Take a common saucer or shallow dish, fill it with wet sand and 
^'nsert the cuttings, pressing the sand close about them. Keep it sopping 
wet ; if allowed to dry it will check the growth ; when the old leaves 
have dropped, and new ones appear at the point of the cutting, roots 
have formed ; and the plant may be carefully potted in light, sandy 



46 EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDEAER. 

loam shaded for a day, and then liaye all the sunshine it desires, if it 
has also sufficient water, but you must not let it dry up. 

Cuttings of many plants can be readily started in water; and, in the 
early spring, if you have not a green-house or hot-bed, it is the safesi 
plan. 

Fill small bottles or vials, with warmish Avater, remove the lower 
leaves of the cuttings (be sure to have a bud at the base), and put them 
in the water; hang up the vial to the window sash, tying a string about 
the mouth, for this purpose. If cotton wool is put around the mouth 
of the vial, it Avill prevent the evaporation of the water, and make the 
roots sprout more quickly by keeping up a more even temperature. 
Oleanders can be rooted in this manner; also Heliotropes, Verbenas, 
Roses, Fuchsias, and all kinds bedding-out plants. 

The process is so simple that a mere child can succeed with it. As 
soon as the roots are an inch long, the cutting should be transplanted, 
taking care to spread out the tiny rootlets as they grow in the water. 

Some fill up the bottle with rich earth, let it dry off for two or three 
days and then break the glass, and pot or plant out the cutting without 
disturbing i(s roots in the least degree. This is the most certain way 
of obtaining plants from cuttings. 



CHAPTER YIl. 



The Fuchsia. 

" Thou graceful Uowcr, on jfi-acefiil stem, 
Of Flora's gifts a fav'rite gem ! 
From tropic fielils tliou cani'st to cheer 
The natives of a climate drear; 
And grateful for our fostering care, 
Has loarn'd the wintry blast to bear.'" 

Although Fuchsias, on their first introduction into England, seventy- 
three or four years ago, were treated as stove plants ; they scarcely come 
under the head of AVindow Gardening, as many of the species live in 
sheltered gardens throughout the year, both in England and in this 
country. In California, they bloom for twelve months in the year, and 
grow into large bushes, perfectly covered with brilliant flowers. Their 
light and graceful appearance renders them desirable in the smallest 
garden. Their gorgeous pendant flowers, with petals of the richest 
scarlet dye, shading down to the palest pink, or the purest white, with 
corollas of glowing purple, scarlet, pink or white, produce a most 
attractive whole, and entitle them to a chapter by themselves, for they 
are the chief among "bedding-out" plants. 

To their glorious beauty, Fuchsias add three other desirable requisites: 
their free growth, their general hardiness, and the ease with which they 
are propagated. 

In bedding them out, a moist, shady position is the most suitable; 
our noonday sun scorches the tender buds, and causes them to fall. 
Their native home is in Brazil, Avhere Darwin saw large thickets of 
them, and they choose moist locations in the woods. In rich, loamy 
soil, well mixed with leaf mould and rotted cow manure, the groAvth of 



48 EVERT WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

a young cutting is very rapid, and will make a large plant by the 
autumn. When it has commenced to grow, don't check it by neglect, 
but during the Summer months water twice a day Avith tepid water, and, 
if possible, give it liquid manure water, either from the barn-yard, or by 
dissolving one table-spoonful of guano in one gallon of warm water ; 
water with this twice a week, and its growth will astonish you. Fuchsias 
are as gross feeders as the Pansy, and luxuriate in the richest soil ; thus 
treated, some kinds will send out shoots from four to five feet in length 
in six or eight months. 

They show to great advantage when trained as standards ; to do this, 
the side shoots of a young plant must be nipped off, and the stem trained 
up a straight stick. When the plant grows high enough for your 
purjDose, let the side shoots branch out, and you can grow a fine tree. 
They can also be trained to walls, or planted in masses in beds. If the 
young plant does not branch out, pinch off the terminal shoot, and side 
branches will appear, and the most central shoot can be trained up for 
a leader. If plants are set near the cooling spray of a fountain, they 
thrive well, but must not be so near as to keep their roots constantly wet. 

Culture. 

Many gardeners prefer to have new plants every season, but if old 
ones are judiciously cared for, they will produce a finer effect, and bloom 
more profusely. Large plants can be kept in frost-proof, dry cellars 
during the winter, either in pots or in boxes; or they can be pulled up 
by the roots, the soil shaken from them, and packed in layers in sand 
which is thoroughly dry, first cutting off all the tender shoots. In March 
or April they can be brought to the light, and planted in good, rich 
soil, pruning not only the top, but the roots. In cutting the top back, 
have an eye to its shape, and prune accordingly. 

Some of the Fuchsias are of much taller growth than others. Speciosa 
will grow six to eight feet in height ; Pride of England is a small bush 
compared to it ; while Souvenir de Cheswick will readily train into a 
fine standard. 

Plants must be allowed to follow their natural habits in some respects. 

To Groto Cuttings. 

Fuchsias will strike root as rapidly as Geraniums. Take the cuttings 
either in February, March or April, from three to four inches long 



EVERY WO 31 AN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 49 

Plant in clear sand, keep " sopping wet," and in three weeks tliey will 
be well rooted. Pot in three-inch pots, in the richest of soil, with a 
little sand to keep it mellow; let them grow until the pot is well filled 
with roots, which will be in three or four weeks, then repot in six to 
eight inch pots, if designed to grow in them ; but if raised to bed out, 
plant in five-inch pots, and when all fear of frost is passed, plant in the 
open borders. 

Be sure not to let the summer heat kill your i^lants. They will grow 
well under trees, if the branches are fifteen feet or more from the ground, 
so that the air can circulate freely. These plants are liable to lose their 
leaves and buds if the soil is not rich enough to their taste, and red 
spiders often infest them, ruining their growth. For the poverty of the 
soil, either repot entirely, or give a top dressing of manure; for the 
spiders, sprinkle daily, and they may be driven off — they do not love 
water; but if this remedy fails, dip the whole plant into water quite 
warm to the hand. A dusting of sulphur will kill them, but it often 
kills the leaves also. 

I was much troubled with spiders last season, on fine plants of 
Marksman and Carl Ilalt. I dusted them over with "Grafton Mineral 
Fertilizer," and destroyed every one. I scattered the same powder over 
the soil, digging in a teaspoonful to each pot (size eight inches), and in 
September the plants were in a blaze of glory, the admiration of every 
passer-by ! 

The Doiilile Floivering Fuchsias. 

By careful culture from seed, these brilliant varieties were produced, 
and are unsurpassed for beauty and elegance by any plant in the floral 
world. Studded all over with their bright wealth of jewels, they far 
outshine their single brethren. 

Elm City held front rank for some years, but Marksman f\ir surpasses 
it now, and Warrior is said to eclipse all others. It has a scarlet tube and 
sepals, with a rich violet-purj)le corolla, and possesses a vigorous habit. 
So numerous are the varieties of these charming flowers, that one can 
hardly make a selection, when all are so desirable, but from the lists of 
English and American florists I cull the following, to add to those above 
mentioned : — 

Select List of Double Fuchsias. 

Tower of London, scarlet sepals, violet-blue corolla. 
Surpasse V. de Puebla, scarlet sepals, double white corolla. 
4 



50 EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

IMonstrosa, bright rose sejials, double white corolla. 
Norfolk Giant, crimson sepals, violet corolla. 

Noni^areil, two corollas, the stamens forming a second corolla of a 
purplish blue; very elegant. 

E. G. Henderson, scarlet sepals, rich violet corolla. 
Wilhelm Pfitzer, rosy-carmine sepals, corolla lavender-blue. 
Symbol, crimson tube and sepals, creamy-white corolla. 
Emperor of the Fuchsias, sepals crimson, white corolla. 
Grand Duke, crimson, violet-purple corolla. 
Picturata, scarlet sej^als, double Avhite corolla. 
Snowdrop, sepals bright scarlet, semi-double white corolla. 

Select List of Single Fuchsias. 

Charming, violet corolla, crimson sepals, immense clusters. 

Annie, tube and sepals white, corolla deep pink. 

Arabella, Avhite sepals, corolla richest pink ; earliest variety. 

Jules Calot, sepals of an orange red, orange-crimson corolla. 

Lustre, vermillion corolla, Avaxy- white sepals; early. 

Prince Imperial, scarlet sepals, large violet corolla. 

Father Ignatius, carmine sepals, blue corolla, bell shaped. 

Fairest of the Fair, violet-rose corolla, white tube and sej^als. 

Land of Plenty, rich red sepals, violet-black corolla. 

Marginata, white sepals, pink corolla, shaded to bright rose color. 

Rose of Castile, violet corolla, sepals Avhite. 

Souvenir de Cheswick, rosy-crimson sepals, violet corolla. 

Striped Unique, purple corolla, striped with scarlet. 

Tagliona, Avhite reflexed sepals, dark violet corolla. 

"Wave of Life, violet-blue corolla, scarlet sepals, gold tinted foliage. 

"Weeping Beauty, scarlet sepals, large blue corolla. 

The Golden Leaved Fuchsias. 

Of this variety there have been but two specimens. Cloth of Gold and 
Golden Fleece, until the importation of 1S71, when several more Avere 
added to the list Avhicli have attracted much attention in England for 
their beautiful foliage and graceful habit. 

Crown of Jewels, leaves clear yellow, tipped A\'ith rich red crimson, 
ornamental at all seasons. 

Golden Mantle, golden yellow leaves, flowers coral red. 



EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 51 

Golden Treasure, very attractive, gold colored leaves tinted Avith 
bronze. 

Orange BoA'en, the smallest variety grown; golden leaves ^-ippedwitli 
bronze. 

The Winter Floiuei'ing Fuchsias. 

These are few in number — only two varieties, which are sure to bloom 
from December to May. 

Speciosa is well known ; it produces flowers two inches in length, 
tubes and sepals are a waxen joeach-blossom color, with crimson corolla. 

Serratifolia is an equally valuable variety; the flowers are distinct 
from any other Fuchsia. The tube of the flower is crimson, the tips of 
the sepals shading to green, corolla light crimson, with white stamens. 
Both these plants are extensively cultivated, and, if well fed, will bloom 
profusely when flowers are a rarity. 



CHAPTER YIIL 



CULTIVATIOX OF THE RoSE. 

" Nymphs Avlio haunt tli' embowering sha<les, 
Poesy's enchanting maids, 
Woo thee, Rose! Thy charms inspire 
All the raptures of the lyre; 
Cull we straight the inviting Hose, 
Shielded by tlie thorn it grows; 
Cull the Hose! what boots the smart ? 
Countless sweets regale the heart.' 

Thus sang Anacreon, the Greek poet, hundreds of years ago, in praise 
of the Queeu of Flowers, which was used to decorate the temple and 
the palace — the solemn rites of religion, and the festal gayety of the 
banquet. 

France excels all other nations in the production of new varieties of 
this lovely flower. The Empress Josephine collected every variety then 
cultivated, for a rosary at Malmaison ; and, under her patronage, the 
culture of roses became speedily the fashion. The skill and patience of 
the florists produced more beautiful varieties, under the stimulus thus 
given to their trade ; and they have continued to give us yearly many 
rich and rare roses; but have not yet succeeded in producing a blue 
rose. The English florists are but little behind the French, in their 
attention to this charming flower; and our own nurserymen yearly pro- 
duce many beautiful varieties. 

Thousands of named sorts are ofiered to us ; and it is very hard to 
make a selection when all possess so much merit. It is usually best, in 
purchasing plants, to leave the selection to the florist, merely stating the 
climate, and soil in which they will grow. 



EVERT WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 53 

It is also best to grow roses on their roots, unless "standards" are 
desired, for the old roots ^vill throw np strong suckers, and thus assert 
their rights to the detriment of their nursling ; unless these are constantly 
watched for, and cut off, they will destroy the graft. 

The varieties of the rose have increased with such rapidity in the last 
twelve years, and they have produced so many new 7'aces, that it is 
scarcely possible for the most skillful botanist to refer each variety to its 
proper parent species. There are Hybrid Perpetiuils, Bourbons, Bengal, 
Chinese or Daily Rose; Tea-scented, Noisette, Perpetual Moss, Annual 
IMoss, Prairie Eose as climbers ; Scotch, Damask and all the old varieties 
of Garden Eoses. 

From the thousands of names offered in the catalogues, lists of those 
most desirable will be given ; but, of course, every one has his own pet 
fancies. 

There is no plant which requires a richer soil or better repays the 
cultivator for attending to its wants; when grown in a congenial soil 
its blossoms are perfect. 

The best soil is fresh loam enriched with well-rotted cow manure, 
with a little sand. If a top dressing of this compost is given every 
spring before the buds start, the branches will make fine growth. 

The finest clusters of flowers are always produced on new Avood, and 
close pruning will cause more new wood to groAV, and ensure you a more 
splendid show of flowers. Use the knife freely, though it does make 
you ache to do so ; cut all the old growth out, and prune in last year's 
branches a little ; thus pruned, the roots will throw up new shoots, from 
whence will come the finest roses of the garden. 

As soon as the plants have done flowering, thin out the weak shoots, 
and even some of the stronger ones, if they are too crowded; each 
shoot left, should be exposed on every side to air and sun. The summer 
flowering kinds thus treated will continue their growth from the main 
shoots, and bloom much finer another year ; while the autumnal flowers 
push forth their buds the entire length of the stalk, and the socoiul 
flowering is perfected. 

Tlie roses are improved in both varieties ; for shoots grown at that 
period of the year invariably produce the finest flowers. 

It has been recommended by some Avriters, to destroy the first bloom 
of those roses which bloom twice in the season ; because there is an 
abundance of roses in June, and by so doing a finer bloom is obtained 



54 EVERY WOMAN HER OWX FLOWER GARDENER. 

in the autumn. Too many roses ! Has any one ever witnessed such a 
season ? Let them bloom when they Avill, and cut off the stems as soon 
as the leaves fall ; then remove the soil to the depth of three or four 
inches, and spread over it, almost close to the stem, a spadeful of cow 
manure well decayed ; throw back the soil that was removed, and, if the 
weather is hot and dry, water occasionally, and you will have a vigorous 
growth and a profuse flowering. 

The flower stalk should always be cut off; it exhausts the plant to 
form seeds, and consumes the strength which should go to forming new 
shoots. When roses are planted in lawns, they should have no sods near 
the roots ; for the grass will absorb all the moisture, and also prevent 
the air from reaching the soil. 

The best time to plant hardy roses is in October or November, accord- 
ing to the climate. 

Spring months are better for planting half-hardy and tender roses, 
as their roots will not get started before winter sets in. Of course, in 
the mild climates of the Southern States, they can also be planted in 
the late autumn. When first set out they should be mulched with 
coarse manure, and watered occasionally, if the Aveather is warm and dry. 

Cuttings of Roses. 

Eoses are propagated chiefly by cuttings, layers and buds. Cuttings 
of the hardy kind of roses, will strike easily in July and August. 
Hybrid Perpetual, Chinese and Bourbon, with all the other kinds will 
grow readily, if the cutting has, what gardeners term, a heel ; that is, 
cut off close to the old wood. Tliree, four or even six eyes can be left 
above ground. 

Plant them as recommended in chapter six ; in wet sand. A dozen 
cuttings can be set an inch apart, close to the pot; and the sand should 
not be allowed to dry at all. If covered with a " cZoc/^e," or hand-glass, 
a moist temperature will be kept up, and, in two or three weeks, they 
will commence to grow. 

Layering Roses. 

Hoses grown as dwarfs or bushes are the kind that will layer advan- 
tageously. Loosen the soil about the plant, tlicn choose a good shoot, 
strip off a few leaves from six inches to two feet from the point of 
the shoot; insert a sharp knife just behind an eye, on the upper side 



EVERT WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 55 

of the shoot, and pass it carefully upwards cutting about half through 
the stem, and from an inch to two inches in length. Open the soil, 
bend down the shoots and press it in ; peg it down with a hair pin or a 
bit of wood, two or three inches beneath the soil, and cover it firmly. 
Each layer should be tied to a stake to prevent the wind from disturb- 
ing the roots. 

June, July and August are the best months for layering. If the 
weather is dry and hot, water frequently. Don't let the layers dry up ; 
about October or November they will be large enough to take away. 
Cut them off within two inches of the root, and transplant them wher- 
ever they are desired. In the spring prune the stem down to three or 
four eyes, and they will bloom finely. 

The Chinese method of layering is often more successful than any 
other. 

At the end of July or beginning of August, they select a strong shoot 
of the same yeai-'s growth, tongue it, as described above, and put in a 
small stone to keep the slit open, and bind a handful of fresh green 
moss around the tongue. This must be kept constantly wet, and the 
tiny roots will shoot forth into the moss so rapidly, that in five or six 
weeks the layer can be removed from the parent stalk. The roots can 
be planted without disturbing the moss, and fine plants are thus pro- 
cured. 

Budding Roses. 

Budding roses is a very simple process, and an old razor can do duty 
for a budding knife, and the handle of an old toothbrush, if scraped 
down smooth, will answer for a wedge. 

The latter part of June to the middle of August, is the best season 
for budding ; or, when the bark of the stalk can be easily raised from 
the wood, this is a sure sign that one can bud with success. 

Take a smooth part of the stem at the height you desire, and on the 
side least exposed to the sun ; with the razor make a horizontal cut 
across the bark through to the wood, but not in to it ; from the center 
of this cross-cut make one straight down the stem, an inch or more in 
length ; these two cuts should be in the form of a X- 

Now prepare the bud, or shield, as it is termed. Slice it off from the 
rose you desire to bud from at one cut, and the shoot must be cut off 
close to the main stalk ; then the bud is sliced off, with a portion of 
the old wood adhering to it; most of this should be picked out, but a 



56 EVERT WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

little at the back of the bncl is essential to life; if you make a hole 
through its bark throw it away, it will not grow. 

Now, Avith the thin edge of the toothbrush handle, turn back the 
stem on each side of the straight cut, and insert the bud close to the 
wood, and fit it accurately and firmly to the cross-cut in the turned- 
back bark; on this close contact of the two barks will depend the suc- 
cess of your operation. 

Lay the turned-back bark closely over the bud, or shield, and with 
woolen yarn, or a bit of bass-wood, bind it down, leaving the point of 
the bud clear. 

Common adhesive plaster is said to be better for this purpose than 
either yarn or bass. A handful of damp moss should be tied around 
the Avhole, leaving the tiny point of the bud exposed to the air. 

In six weeks at the farthest these ties can be removed. 

All other shoots on that stem should be cut off, so as to throw the 
strength of the plant into the support of the new comer. 

By budding you may produce several kinds of roses upon the same 
plant. Take a common wild rose, cut down all its suckers, and trim 
in its branches, and bud with white, pink, crimson and yellow roses. 

As soon as the buds commence to grow, cut off all the wild shoots, 
and you will have a beautiful shoAv of flowers. 

Variegated shrubs can be budded in this manner upon the plain green 
stocks. Grafting roses is not so popular as formerly; but the opera- 
tion is easily performed. Any one Avho can graft a tree, can graft a rose. 
The stock to be grafted should be more forward than the scion, and the 
operation should be performed when the sap is rising. xYpril or May 
are the best months. 

The most important points in a good rose are, that its " constitution 
should be hardy, and vigorous, with a robust habit of groAHh, good 
foliage and profuse bloom. The flower should be fine in form, large in 
size, decided in color. The form of the flower, whether it be globular, 
cupped, or widely expanded, should be symmetrical ; the petals even and 
regular in their arrangement, full but not too crowded ; the outer range 
broad and firmly set, rendering the flower more lasting. In texture 
they should be firm and thick, not thin and flims}'. Fragrance, and a 
firm upright stem are desirable points. A green or yellow center to a 
flower when fully open, is a great fault. There is no kind of shrub in 
existence so well adapted to take various forms as the rose. It can be 



EVERY WOMAN HER ()]\X FLOWER GAIWENHR. 57 

used as a dwarf to fill ilie smallest beds; as a shrub to plant among 
evergreens; and as a tail standard to form avenues of roses on each side 
of a walk. 

It can be planted in groups witli a climber in the cenlcr, half stand- 
ards around it, and dwarfs for an edging; again, as climbers to adorn 
a villa or a cottage, also to cover bare walls and trellises. Yet none of 
these forms will show off its beauty and elegance as effectually as train- 
ing it to a pillar. 

Pillar Roses. 

Iron rods with arches of the same material, or small chains hung 
loosely from pillar to pillar so as to form festoons, will produce a charm- 
ing effect, making a lovely bower. 

The pillars can be made either of a single upright post, or four rods 
can ])c set at about nine inches distant from each other, thus forming a 
square pillar, fastened with interlacings of strong copper wire. 

The rose can be planted in the center, and the branches trained to 
each corner rod, the small shoots twined between Ihem. ]3ring all the 
shoots to the outside, and do not let any twine round the rods, but tie 
them to each with strings; and whenever they require painting, Avhich 
is needful to protect the iron from rusting, or, if the plants are tender, 
and need protection, they are easily loosened from their support. Poles 
of oak, ash or pine can supply the places of the iron rods ; and, by 
fixing them firmly into the ground in a triangular shape, three feet apart 
at the base, and fastening the tops together with strong copper wire, ^ 
pyramid of different colors can be formed, by planting three different 
roses at the foot of the poles, ami training them so that the various 
hues will be seen. 

Weeping Roses. 

These form beautiful objects when pUmted singly on lawns. Hoses 
of a pendulous habit must be used, such as the Aryshire and Evergreen. 
Bud them on stocks four feet or upwards in height; the main shoots, 
after the second year, should not be shortened until they touch the 
ground ; prune only the side branches, and the flowers will be produced 
from all along the branches from the head to the ground. 

When they attain their full size a lioop shall be attached to prevent 
• the branches from blowin^^: about in the wind. 



58 i:\-i:in' woma.x hkr oir.v flo^vkr aAUDENER, 

Slugs on Ixose Bushes. 

For sovonil yoars past these pests liave ruineJ the gUiry of the '*' Queen 
of I"'lo\vers," ami turueil her beauty into deforuiity, ehaugiug the oriui- 
luents o'i the garden \vitl\ uusightly bushes, sparsely covered with skele- 
ton leaves. 

IV>tbre tlie buds are fornuHl, luiuute white spots appear on the under 
surfai'e ol' (he leaves; these ehange raj^idly into horrid green worms 
whieh iU>vonr all t he green part of the leaves, and also the bmls and llowers. 
If taken in season they can be destroyed. I used " Grafton ]\[ineral Ferti- 
lizer" with great elfect last season, keeping the foliage of a tall pink 
JMosslvose entirely free from their ravages ; while directly across the path, 
a yellow Harrison was left to them, anil Avas utterly ruined. 

The powder is inodorous; can be scattered OA'cr the leaves before the 
dew is dried oif, and Avill drive them away. I made the first applica- 
tion in May, a second one early in June, and a third after the roses had 
lied. Not a green worm was seen on the leaves. The foliage was 
perfect. 

Powdered lime, if scattered over the leaves while wet with dew, wil) 
also keep them otV. 

A few years ago I saw a most beautiful rose garden at Tlattsburgh, 
N. v., not a slug had touched the leaves, and it was early in July. The 
lady owner told me that the bushes were syringed with ten gallons ot 
warm water, in which one pint of soft soap, and one pint of comnmn 
line salt had been dissolved. This mixture killed them all. It was 
applied in ^lay, and again in June. 

Other preparations are used ; white hellebore, sprinkled on through a 
dredging box, and Hour of sulphur, similarly applied, are found effi- 
cacii>us. There are two crops of the slugs; the first comes in May, and 
when the worms are fully developed they burrow in the ground, and 
lie in a chrysalis state until August, when they appear with wings, and 
lav a crop of eggs for the ensuing summer. If the first crop are not 
entirely destroyed, it is well to repeat the ap^dication in August, so as 
to diminish the supply for the next season. 

The following comprises a good collection of Hybrid Perpetuals: — 

Achille Gonaud, bright carmine. 

Alex. l>achmetefi\ deep, brilliant rose, large and fine. 

Baron Trevost, rich rose color. 

Cardinal ratrizzi, dark, velvety crimson. 



EVERY WOjUAN her OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 59 

Corate Litta, velvety purple. 

Caroline cle San sal, pale flesh color. 

Eugene Appert, scarlet crimson. 

Gen. Jacqueminot, brilliant red, very large. 

John Hopper, rosy-crimson, extra. 

Jules Margottin, carmine, shaded to purple. 

La Heine, clear rose, large cupped, superb. 

Lady Emily Peel, white, edged with rose. 

Mad'lle Bonnaire, pure white, tinged with rose at the C( nier. 

Mad. Freeman, white, with yellowish shade. 

Poeonia, deep brilliant crimson. 

Heine des Violets, reddish violet. 

Victor Verdier, large, full carmine, one of the best. 

Boiirhon Roses. 

Archduke Charles, rosy crimson. 

Bourbon Queen, rich blush. 

Blanche Lafitte, pale flesh color, beautiful. 

Duchesse Furrijige, white. 

Empress Eugene, deep rose. 

Jupiter, dark purple. 

Ilermosa Pink, a profuse bloomer, with lovely buds. 

Malmaison, blush, large and fine. 

Omar Pasha, deep carmine. 

Paxton, bright rose, crimson shaded. 

Sombreuil, white. 

Bengal or China Roses. 

Agrippina, deep crimson. 
Archduke Charles, changeable. 
Eugene Beauharnais, rich crimson. 
Indica Alba, white daily. 
Madam Preon, fine rose. 
Lucullus, dark crimson. 
Pink Daily. 

Louis Philippe, crimson and rose. 
Sanguinea, blood-red. 



60 EVERT WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

Noisette Roses. 
Augusta, pale yellow. 
Amie Vibert, pure white. 
Beauty of Green Mount, deep rose color. 
Gloire tie Dijon, bronze yellow, with orange center. 
Lamarque, large, j)ure white. 
La Pactole, pale yellow. 
Setina, bright pink. 
Solfaterre, yellowish white. 

Souvenir de Anselm, clear carmnie, very fragrant. 
Washington, clear white. 

Tea Scented Roses. 

Alba Eosea, white, with rose center. 

Amabilis, rose color. 

Belle Alamande, blush. 

Bougere, salmon rose, bronzed. 

Bon Silene, purple, shaded to carmine. 

Marechal Niel, golden yellow, sweetest of the sweet, 

Cornelia Cook, canary yellow. 

Devoniensis, creamy white. 

Leveson Gower, rosy salmon. 

Madame Falcot, nankeen yellow. 

Madame de Vatrey, carmine rose. 

Pauline Lebonte, light blush. 

Safrano, bright l.)uff, very free bloomer. 

Triomphe de Luxembourg, rose color. 

White Tea, pure white, blooms freely. 

Moss Roses. — Perpetual. 

Perpetual White, very fine. 

Madame Edward Ory, deep rose. 

Maupertius, velvety-red, very dark. 

Eaphael, blush, large clusters. 

Salet, bright rose. 

Souvenir de Pierre Vibert, dark red, shaded with violet. 



JilVERY W03IAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 01 

Annual Moss Roses. 
English Moss, old variety, very mossy. 
Adelaide, crimson. 
Glory of Mosses, rose color; fine. 
Alice Leroy, pale lilac. 
Luxembourg, crimson. 
Henry Martin, brilliant carmine. 

Prairie Roses. — Ilardij Climbers. 

Baltimore Belle, nearly white. 

Queen of the Prairie, rosy red. 

Seven Sisters, crimson, shading to white. 

Gem of the Prairies, a hybrid between the Queen of the Prairie and 
Madame Laffay; a strong, vigorous grower, flowers rich rosy crimson, 
and of delicious fragrance. A great acquisition to climbing roses. 

The oldest Eose Bush in the world is said to be one which is trained 
upon one side of the Cathedral of Ilildesheim, in Germany. Its age is 
unknown, but documents exist which prove that a Bishop Hezelio, 
nearly a thousand years ago, protected it by a stone roof, which is still 
in existence. The largest Rose Bush is a white Banksia, in the Marine 
Garden at London, which was sent there, the first of its kind, in 1813, 
by Bonj)land. Its numerous branches, some of which measure eighteen 
inches in circumference, cover an immense wall to a width of nearly 
sixty feet, and at times, in early Spring, as many as fifty thousand flowers 
have been counted on this Queen of all Roses ! 

" Roses arc of royal birth, 
Loveliest monarchs of the earth ! > 
Not the realm of flowers alone, \ 

But human hearts tlieir sceptre own. 
Mark -what flowers the maiden's liand 
Gathers for her bridal band; 
What the sweetest influence shed, 
Hound the grateful suflerer's bed; 
What with holiest light illume 
The grief and darkness of the tomb." 



CHAPTER IX. 



Oenamental Vines. 

/ " Flowers! bright, beautLfiil, love-beaming flowers. 

/ Tliey are linked witli life's sweetest and sunniest hours; 

,■' Like stars about our pathway 

/ They shine so pure and lair, 

I Blooming in rich profusion, 

f Greeting us everywhere." 

Trees and flowers are not enougli with whicli to adorn and beautify 
our surroundings; we must have vines, an abundance of vines. A 
house without vines is like a bird without a mate; it Avears a look of 
'desolation. Vines grow so thriftily, bloom so profusely, and can be 
twined into so many beautiful forms — are so fresh, blooming and 
fragrant — that they should be trained about every house. The most 
modest little cot can be transformed into a flowery bower by the aid of 
a few climbing plants. Your homes may lack the paint, gilding and 
tapestry that adorn those of your neighbors, but if vines are trained 
over the doors and windows, they will present a fresh beauty and glory 
every Summer's morn, which the products of art cannot surpass. 

Nature has given us the means of adorning our surroundings, and 
they are innocent, animating, and contribute to our i^iety towards her. 
We do not half avail ourselves of the cheap riches wherewith she adorns 
the earth. A few seeds, for instance, and a little trouble, would clothe 
our houses every Summer as high as we choose, with draperies of green 
and scarlet, and after admiring the beauty we might eat the produce. 

ut then this produce is a bean, and beans are vulgar. Nobody despises 
a vine in front of a house, for vines are polite, and the grapes seldom 



EVERT WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 63 

good enough to be of use. Hops are like vines, yet who thinks of 
adorning his house vnih. them ? No, they also are vulgar ! Thus writes 
Leigh Hunt in his flowery "Essays." There are many despised things 
that are, if properly cultivated, capable of great beauty; but I should 
prefer the Scarlet Bean as a covering to my pantry windows, and the 
Hop and Grape Vine to trail over the kitchen garden wall, while the 
Morning Glory, with all its wealth of entangled vines and flowers, 
should throw its radiance around the dining-room piazza, and shield its 
windows from the scorching sun at noondny These same Morning 
Glories are glories indeed, and are not half appreciated. The delicate 
J aponica receives far more attention than its coarser parent, but it is 
infested with bugs, which make it a nuisance, while none dare as yet to 
molest my " Glories." 

We pay high prices for exotic vines and climbing roses, and let the 
lovely vines of our own woods remain uncultivated in their wildness. 
There is no country that does not possess rarely beautiful vines, which 
well reward the cultivator with their luxuriant beauty. They are 
scattered from the White Mountains to the Gulf of Mexico, and all 
through the Western States on to the Pacific Slope. 

Climbing roses are bowers of beauty for a few weeks, but after that 
are only briars, wormy and miserable. There is little beauty in 
their foliage ; it is all compressed in their flowers ; yet the Prairie Rose 
is more commonly used to twine over a verandah, while the Wistaria, 
Jasmine, Woodbine, Honeysuckle, etc., are planted in less conspiciious 
places, or not at all. 

I delight in Climbing Roses — do not think I would disparage them — 
but they are far prettier the greater part of the year, if trained to pillars 
rather than to piazzas. Ampelopsis quinquefolia (Virginia Creeper or 
Five-Fingered Ivy), is a very hardy vine that will withstand the coldest 
New England winter. It grows most rapidly, and its dark green foliage, 
which changes to scarlet and brown in the Autumn, makes it very 
desirable for piazzas, rustic arbors, or trellis work. It will cling to 
brick walls as readily as the English Ivy; it is perfectly free from 
insects, and so flexible that it can be trained to any position. 

Akebia quinata is an imported vine from Japan, with gracefully cut 
foliage, and large clusters of very fragrant, chocolate colored flowers. 
It is perfectly hardy. 

Aristolochia Sipho (or Dutchman's Pipe), is a handsome climber for 



64 EVERT WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

verandahs ; its flowers resemble a sliort-stemmed pipe, are of a brownish 
hue, and the leaves are very large and of a bright green. It requires a 
rich soil to grow well. 

Bignonia radicans (or Trumpet Creeper), is a very showy, robust 
plant, and produces a profusion of reddish-orange flowers. It is well 
adapted to plant against old trees, or to cover unsightly walls. 

Bignonia grandiflora is fine for pillars or trellises, being of a more 
graceful habit than the radicans. 

Bignonia Venusta is a very beautiful half-hardy climber, but requn\3S 
age to perfect its blossoms, which are of a beautiful orange scarlet. For 
the Southern States it is unsurpassed in beauty, but for the Northern 
it needs the protection of a greenhouse. 

Jasminum nudiflorum (or Carolina Jessamine), is tender north of 
Maryland, but is one of the most attractive vines in the United States. 
Its plentiful yellow flowers are rarely fragrant, and it grows in profusion 
all through the South, turning its luxuriant branches among the forests. 
No matter whether it is located in the piney barrens, or the rich swamp 
lands, it is a bower of beauty. 

Celastrus scandens (or Bitter-sweet), is a very attractive climber, 
particularly in the Autumn, when its orange berries are very handsome. 
The scarlet seed-covers are surrounded with orange-colored capsules, 
which open as the seeds become ripe, and make it very ornamental. It 
twines so close to the trees that it will frequently choke out the life of 
young saplings. In Massachusetts it is called Eoxbury Wax Work. It 
grows abundantly all through New England, and bears transplanting 
and cultivating with good efi'ect. 

Cocculus Carolinus is a native of the Carolinas, and has bright red 
fruit, resembling the common currant. 

Of Honeysuckles (or Loniceras), we have a numerous variety. The 
scarlet or coral species are well-known, and the fragrant pink and white 
monthly is very popular. Of late years different varieties have been 
imported from China and Japan, which are very desirable. Among the 
Chinese, the Golden Leaved Lonicera is one of the finest. It is a rapid 
grower, with small wiry stems, the foliage is netted with gold, the flowers 
are white and very fragrant. 

Lonicera Halliana is evergreen ; its flowers pure white, turning to 
yellow ; perfectly hardy, and flowers monthly in profuse clusters. 

Lonicera brachypoda, or Japan Honeysuckle, is a very beautiful vine; 



EVERY ^YOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. G5 

its flowers are of the most delicious fragrance, and there is no hardy 
vine that can excel it ; its leaves are evergreen, and very glossy. 

The Clematis are rapid growers, the native varieties flowering in 
August Avhen other vines are not always in beauty. Great improvements 
have been made in them by the English florists, and there are no love- 
lier vines for piazzas and verandahs. The following are the most 
prominent of the cultivated varieties, flowering from June onward: 

Clematis Fortuni has very large, double-white flowers. 

Clematis Jackmanii is a profuse bloomer, with large, violet-colored 
blossoms. 

Clematis Standishii is blue, and flowers finely. 

Clematis Rubella has rich purple blossoms. 

All of these varieties are new hybrids, and cannot fail to give satis- 
faction to the cultivator. 

Hedera helix (or English Ivy), is the most popular of evergreen vines, 
and very suitable for covering rock work, fences, walls, trees or arbors. 
It adheres readily to a tree or to stone, but does not take as kindly to 
brick, requiring some slight support, frequently to keep it attached to 
the walls. It is much used for covering houses, but in climates where 
it will live throughout the year it is unequaled for a bordering to flower 
beds. Grass will force its tiny roots into the borders, but the Ivy is 
contented to twine its branches along the edges. A quantity of strong 
young plants are desirable to commence with, and they should be planted 
rather thickly and kept well mingled together. In the Summer, their 
fresh green leaves contrast perfectly with the darker foliage, and all 
through the winter their verdure is pleasing. Such edgings form a 
beautiful setting for flowers, while they are so charming as to make it 
desirable to cultivate the " dainty plant" for its own worth. 

After the edging has once become established, by pinching off" and 
cutting back the young shoots, it can be easily kept in perfect order. 
Xearly every courtyard in Paris displays the English Ivy, either cover- 
ing trellises as a dark background to brilliant thickets of Geraniums, or 
trained over a bower. 

The plants are grown in large boxes, filled with a rich turfy soil, and 
thus supplied they make rapid growth. At the French Exposition, the 
garden was filled with all that was richest and rarest, yet Mr. Robinson 
tells us, in his book upon "French Gardens," that a pretty circular 
bower covered with Ivy attracted first the attention of every passer-by. 
5 



66 EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GAUDEyER. 

It was composed of a wire frame, sliaped like an umbrella, with tlie 
handle inserted iu a huge tub of very rich earth, in which the roots 
were planted. Boards were laid over the tub, which formed a circular 
seat, and Avith these simple means a most lovely bower was produced. 
The Ivy was trained so as to cover every part of it, and entirely shade 
the seat. Any ingenious boy could make a similar one, and, with proper 
appliances, some girls could accomplish it. 

As a screen, this plant is in great demand in France, and entire garden 
walls are often covered with it, making a most perfect background for 
the brilliant hues of the flowers. 

Tliose of us who live in colder climates could substitute the German 
Ivy for edgings. I tried it last season, and it grew beautifully, but it 
will winter kill. An old umbrella frame, stripped of its dilapidated 
covering, will make a fine trellis for delicate vines like the Canary Bird 
Flower, Thunbergia, Maurandya, and Cypress Vine. 

Sharpen the handle to a point, and fix it firmly in the ground, pressing 
in the ivory tip of each end, so that the wind cannot disturb it. It will 
look prettily on the lawn, or in the center bed of the garden, when the 
graceful twining vines have covered it with their beautiful flowers and 
foliage, and almost every garret can furnish the skeleton, if the closet 
cannot provide one. 

A worn-out sunshade will make a baby trellis that will be very 
charming, Avhen covered with the gorgeous hues of the Tropseolum, 
which should not be neglected in a chapter upon Vines. They grow 
readily from seed, and their butterfly-colored floAvers are always beautiful. 
If branches are broken off in the Autumn, and put into vases filled with 
water, the fioAvers Avill bloom for a long time ; the roots starting out at 
each joint will furnish a support for them. 

Cobaa scandens is a rapid growing \-ine, with large purple bell- 
shaped flowers. It is not hardy in the Northern States, but can be kept 
in pots during the Winter, and Avill twine over the Avindows. 

Cobsea scandens variogata is like the former, only its leaves are 
margined with yelloAvish-Avhite. If planted in rich soil, these vines can 
be made to groAV thirty feet in a season. 

Glycine Sinensis (or Chinese Wistaria), is a very elegant A^nc of quick 
growth ; it has long, pendulous clusters of pale blue flowers both in the 
Spring and Autumn, and will soon cover a large surface. 

Wistaria Sinensis Alba is a Avhite variety, not so robust as the blue. 



EXPERT WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 67 

Wistaria Frntescens (or American Glycine), is more of a dwarf habit 
than the above-mentioned. 

Passiflora Incarnata (Half Hardy Passion Vine), is very beautiful. 
Its flower is supposed to represent the Crucifixion of Christ, and thence 
its name. 

Periploca Grgeca (Virginia Silk Vine), is another native climber that 
deserves attention, in preference to many that are tender. It is a hardy 
grower, and will soon cover an arbor or wall. A native of Syria. 

Care and attention must be given to the training and fastening of all 
climbers, as their beauty is greatly injured by allowing them to grow in 
a wild and neglected manner ; it also gives a wild look to a house, which 
does not add to its' general appearance. 

Wherever there is an unsightly fence, there is the opportunity to try 
your hand at cultivating vines which grow wild in your woods, or which 
can be raised from seeds at a trifling expense. Wreath all such places 
with climbing vines, and let their ugliness be hid under the delicate 
foliage and brilliant flowers of the climbers. Your wood, brick, or 
stone houses are bare in their angular outlines, and lack the graceful 
elegance which ornamental vines will give them. Twine over them some 
climbing plant, and architecture and nature will combine to produce 
the most picturesque effect ; and you will learn that — 

" The flowers in silence seem to breathe 
Such thoughts as language cannot tell." 

And when the outside is beautiful, let the inside be replete with 
comfort, order, taste, virtue, peace, good-will and love. 

The following diagrams will furnish designs for supports for Orna- 
mental Vines. They can be made from six to eight feet high. The 
center piece of each trellis should be thicker than the outer or main 
supports, at least three-quarters of an inch thick, and from an inch to 
an inch-and-a-half wide. These frames should be painted green or 
white, according to one's preference. 



68 



EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 




Fig. 2. 



Fig. 3. 




Fig. 4. 



Fig. 



Fig. 6. 



OHAPTEE X. 



Oen'amental Shrubs foe Garden and Lawn. 

" Thank God for the beautiful Flowers 

That blossom so sweetly and fair ; 
They garnish this strange life of ours, 

And brighten our paths every where ; 
They speak of the heaven above us, 

Where angels are singing His praise. 
Where dwell the dear ones who love us, 

Who faded from earth's thorny ways." 

Shrubs are indispensable in the smallest collection of plants. Many 
of them are early risers, and bloom as soon as the frost and ice have 
disappeared. Once obtained and planted out in good, rich soil, they 
require but little attention, and will bloom for years in the same locality. 
Yet their foliage and flowers will be more luxuriant and beautiful, if 
they are treated to a few shovelsful of compost or manure, yearly. If it 
is given to them in the autumn, it acts as a protection from the frost, 
and can be dug into their roots early in the spring. When they are 
first planted, it is better to take the autumn rather than the spring for 
the operation ; but if done in March or April (according to the climate), 
be sure to mulch the roots with long stable litter, or a few inches deep 
of hay ; this will keep them from drying up during the heat of summer. 

The Flowering Almond takes first rank, because it blooms so early, 
and though very common, is always popular. If it is neglected it will 
grow ill-shaped and scraggy, but if it is cut back as soon as its blossoms 
are fallen, its increased growth will soon repay their sacrifice. 

The Flowering Plum is called by some the White Flowering Almond, 
and is equally hardy, its flowers being as double as those of the Almond, 
and of a snowy whiteness. 

The Lilac is always admired, will always be cultivated ; every house 



70 EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

must have at least one or more of these shrubs. The purple yariety is 
seen everywhere; the white is not quite as common, and is not as sick- 
ishly sweet as the purple. 

The Persian and Chinese Lilacs are more beautiful than the common 
kinds. The former is a small tree of graceful habit, and its flowers are 
of a lighter lilac color. The latter is especially desirable, the flowers 
are much darker than the other varieties, and its foliage is of a dark 
glossy green, very rich. These shrubs are perfectly hardy, and are 
usually grown without any care, yet if pruned and manured their beauty 
will be much increased. 

Cydonia Japonica, or Scarlet-flowered Japan Quince, is also a well- 
known shrub, producing quantities of the richest scarlet flowers close 
to its branches; it is indispensable in every garde]i. 

Calycanthusfloridus, or Allspice Flower, is an old favorite, not so often 
cultivated in these latter days. Its foliage is of a light glossy green, and its 
flowers are of the darkest maroon, and very fragrant; both blossoms 
and branches possess a strong spicy flavor, and it is sometimes called the 
Strawberry Shrub, from a fancied resemblance to the odor of that berry. 

Forsythia viridissima is one of the earliest of all shrubs in blossoming; 
its bright golden-lined flowers appear before the leaves are hardly visi- 
ble, and completely cover the branches. 

Flowering Acacia, with its profusion of pink and white pea-shaped 
blossoms, is always welcome. Its foliage is deeply serrated like the 
Locust leaves; its habit is straggling, which detracts from its beauty. 

Hydrangea quercifolia, or Oak -leaved Hydrangea, has strongly marked 
foliage, and its blossoms are in large panicles of white flowers. It Ijlooms 
in July, and is a great attraction on a lawn. 

Hydrangea deutziafolia is a recent importation from Japan. Its 
leaves resemble those of the Deutzia ; it blooms in August, bearing very 
large panicles of snowy white flowers, which change to pink, and finally 
to a brownish purple. It is a valuable addition to a garden or lawn. 

The Deutzias are generally cultivated, and are always beautiful. 

Deutzia gracilis is perfectly hardy, and has plentiful clusters of pure 
white flowers. Deutzia scrabra is of larger growth, often attains to five 
or six feet, and is covered with clusters of blossoms, which resemble the 
Orange flower without its fragrance. 

Deutzia crenata flore pleno produces double flowers, white in the 
center, and rod in the outer leaves. It is of a strong habit, desires plenty 



EVERY W03[AN UER OWN FLOWER GARDEyER. 71 

of room to grow in, and will often be seen over six feet high, and when 
in flower is " a thing of beanty." All these species of Dentzias are 
hardy, but at the far north require a little protection in winter. 

Mahonia Aquifolium is an elegant, evergreen shrub. Its foliage is 
evergreen, and of a dark rich puiqolish green. Its flowers are bright 
yellow, and aj^pear early in the spring. 

The Privet or Prim is also desirable, its foliage is attractive, and its 
small clusters of white flowers add much to its beauty. 

Philadelphus modorus, or Mock Orange, is a more delicate species of 
the Syringa, It bears large, pure white flowers with rich yellow stamens, 
along its slender stems, covering the shrub with a Avealth of bloom. 
It will grow eight feet high, and blossoms in June. 

The "Wiegelasare well established favorites, and deservedly so ; for their 
brightly colored flowers, intermixed with the glossy green foliage, 
produce a fine efiect either in the flower bed or on the lawn. 

Wiegela nivea produces pure white flowers, very beautiful for large 
bouquets and vases. 

Wiegela rosea bears apple-blossom colored flowers, blending pink and 
white in a lovely intermingling. 

Wiegela alba has white flowers, which change to a pale rose tint. 

Spiraeas are of a most numerous family. The florists have cultivated 
them with great success, and wherever the Lilac and the Syringa flourish 
they will grow and bloom in perfection. 

Their flowers are of various shades of color, from pure white, white 
tinged with pink, yellowish Avhite, purple rose, lilac, pink, etc. 

Spiraea salicifolia grows from two to five feet high; is white, tinted 
with rose, and blooms in June and July. 

Spirsea opulifolia, five to seven feet high ; white flowers, with rosy tint. 

Spiraea Eeevesii, one of the most beautiful of its family, flowers in 
June in pure white clusters. 

Spiraea Bella, dwarf; pink flowers. 

Spiraea Japonica is also dwarf, and bears feather plumes of white flowers 
in June. 

Tartarian Honeysuckles are large shrubs of much beauty, whether 
covered with their pink or white flowers, or with scarlet berries. They 
will grow from cuttings or seeds, and require little care. The two 
varieties planted together make a fine wall for a garden, and serve as a 
protection from the north winds. There are several shrubs which bear 



72 EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

brightly-colored berries, which make them conspicuous objects in garden 
or lawn ; so in making up a collection of slirubs we should not forget them. 

Euonymus, or Strawberry Tree, is very handsome, with its purple 
flowers, succeeded by brilliant scarlet berries curiously shaped, which 
remain on the branches late into the Autumn. The Burning Bush is 
the common name for it in many localities. A variety of this shrub or 
tree grows in most of the Middle, Western and Southern States. 

Euonymus atropurpureus, or Spindle Tree, is its proper title. It is a 
very beautiful addition to every lawn. The European Burning Bush is 
much inferior to our native variety. The Broad-Leaved Burning Bush 
is a native of Austria; its botanical name is Euonymus latifolius, and 
it is not commonly grown in this country, but is very desirable. 

The Black Alder bears berries of a flame-like scarlet, close to its 
branches, and is a beautiful shrub, 

I have endeavored to mention a few of the flowering shrubs that will 
not fail to give satisfaction to all amateur gardeners. Many of them 
are old-time flowers, which possess a charm to me, as childish associations 
of delight linger about them, and render them doubly dear. 

The Rhododendrons are extensively cultivated, and greatly improved 
from those which groAv wild in the Middle States. The English florists 
have brought these beautiful shrubs to the highest state of perfection. 

The Rose of Sharon is one of the most beautiful foreign shrubs. Its 
blossoms are bell-shaped, and of many mingled hues. In Syria, Judea 
and Arabia it is a sacred flower, and they have adopted it as the emblem 
of the Resurrection. The dried flower is placed by the inhabitants of 
Judea in a vase of water beside the beds of the sick ; if it expands, the 
omen is favorable, but if not, death is considered inevitable. 

The Yucca Filamentosa, rather a hardy herbaceous plant, though a 
shrub, is very ornamental and hardy, its foliage resembling that of the Aloe. 
It blooms in August and September, and the flower stem rises to the height 
of five or six feet, surmounted with white, bell-shaped flowers. It gi^ows well 
in common garden soil, and is very desirable as a single plant on the lawn. 

All of these shrubs are most agreeable additions to every flower garden, 
but if you cannot find room for all, be sure to select a few of them, for 
no other plants will give you as large a supply of flowers with so little 
attention expended on them. Most of them will readily grow from 
cuttings, all of them will layer easily, and many of them increase by 
suckers from the roots. 



CHAPTER XL 



The Caenatiox, and Picotee Pinks. 

" Ye are the Scriptures of the ea.rth, 
Sweet flowers, fair and frail ; 
A sermon speaks in every bud, 
That woos the summer gale.'* 

The Carnation has been cultivated from time immemorial in Europe, 
and from Gerard, the herbalist of Queen Elizabeth's time, we learn some 
of its quaint old English names, such as " Sops in Wine" (very expres- 
sive of the variegated red and white flower), " Pagaiants," " Horseflesh," 
"Blankets," etc. 

The most common varieties of the Carnation sprung from the Clove 
Gilliflower, or Clove Pink, and in former days was much used to distil 
Clove Gilliflower Water, which was in great repute as a restorative. 
The florists divide them into three classes now — flakes, bizarres and 
picotees. 

The flakes, on a pure yellow or white ground, have only one color, 
disposed in broad flashes or stripes, and extending the length of the 
petal. 

The bizarres, on a pure white or yellow ground, have two or more 
colors in irregular stripes of pink, or scarlet and purple, sometimes 
running from the base to the margin of the petal, sometimes broken 
irregularly into spots. 

The Picotee was formerly spotted with purple, red or scarlet spots, on 
a white or yellow ground; modern improvements have changed its 
character; it is no longer a spotted carnation, but one with the colorings 
confined to a bordering of each petal. 



74 EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

Each of tliese three classes are sub-denominated according to theij 
colors, as scarlet-flake, pink-flake, scarlet-bizarre, etc., etc. 

The stripes or spots in Carnations are usually in shades of scarlet; 
pink and purple, on a white, pink, red or yellow ground. 

The word " Carnation " is fully significaut of the flesh-color which 
characterized the original and earlier cultivated varieties. 

Of all the flowers that adorn the garden, whether they charm the eye 
by their beauty, or regale the sense of smelling by their fragrance, the 
Carnation may justly rank next to the Rose. 

The Flemish weavers, who sought a refuge in England from the 
religious persecutions of Philip II, and the cruelty of the Duke of Alva, 
were renowned for their Carnations, Roses, and Gilliflowers, and they 
introduced many of the rarest varieties of these flowers, often superior 
tj the specimens produced by professional gardeners. Mr. Hogg, a 
celebrated florist, and also a writer upon Floriculture, declares that " it 
is n )t every gardener who knows how to grow a Carnation, and there is 
not one in ten whose assistance I would claim on the most pressing 
occasion, and leave the operation of layering to them unlocked after ; 
whereas I would implicitly trust it to any weaver, cobbler or barber who 
had had the least practice with his own flowers." 

There is hardly any plant grown by florists to which they consider a 
congenial soil is of so much importance. It should be composed of one- 
half rotten horse manure, not less than a year old; that which has 
been used in a hot-bed is just the article for composing the soil for 
Carnations. Add to it one-third fresh loam, and one-third coarse river 
sand. If these ingredients are mixed together in the Autumn, and 
allowed to freeze, and in the Spring are thoroughly mixed up, a good com- 
post will be obtained. Those of our readers who live near a florist had bet- 
ter buy the compost for their plants. Large piles of it are always kept on 
hand, and sold cheaply. It is better to supply the soil for all pot plants 
in this way. Carnations are propagated by seed, layers and cuttings. 

The seed should be sown in April or May, in pots filled with rich 
compost, and a little fine sand, barely sufficient to cover them, sprinkled 
over the seeds. As soon as the young plants are three inches high, they 
should be planted out into a bed of rich soil. They will not bloom 
until the following Summer, but the plants can be protected in cole 
climates by laying sods of grass over them, or by keeping the plants l«: 
the cellar in boxes. 



EVERT WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 75 

The best time to layer is when the plant is in full bloom, which will 
be about the middle of July, or according to the season. The shoot to 
be layered may be four or five joints in length ; all the lower leaves next 
to the root must be stripped off, leaving only those on the two or three 
npper joints. The surface of the soil should be stirred up to the depth 
of an inch; then take the shoot in the finger and thumb of the left 
hand, and bend it npwards, so that the knife can enter a qnarter of an 
inch below the second or third joint from the top, and on the side of 
the shoot next the ground ; cnt upwards through the center of the joint, 
slantingly for about half an inch. Now cut off the tip of the portion 
underneath close to the joint. If it breaks off it is worthless as a layer, 
so handle it very carefully, and lay the shoot into the soil, pegging it 
down with a large hair pin. The root fibres are soonest formed when 
the joint is but lightly covered with earth, not more than a quarter of 
an inch. ISTo more of the stem of the layer than just close to the joint, 
nor any of the leaves should be buried in the soil, for the dampness will 
cause them to decay, and the whole layer will then damp off or decay. 

When the layer is pegged down, give it a gentle watering, taking care 
not to wash off the soil. 

It is of no consequence if the layer does not stand straight at first. 
It will soon grow so. 

If the plants are kept moist, and well shaded from the noonday heat, 
the layers Avill be rooted in three or four weeks. They should then be 
cut away from the plant, witJi about half an inch of the stem Avhich 
connects them to it, and planted in five-inch pots. 

Great care must be taken not to injure the tiny roots, nor break the 
part of the stem above the incision. 

] a raising Carnations from cuttings, good healthy slioots should be 
sell cted, and they should be treated as described for other cuttings. 

Layering and raising from cuttings are the surest modes of propagating 
fine varieties. It is said that the chance of obtaining a good Carnation 
from seed is one to a hundred. 

The culture of the Picotee, or Paisley Pink, is the same as that of the 
Carnation. The Picotee is the hardier of the two, and will endure the 
cold winters without covering, excepting at the extreme north. 

When the flower stems are ten or more inches high, they should be 
supported with stakes, and when the flowers appear, if there is danger of 
their bursting the calyx, and thus spoiling their symmetry, it is well to 



t6 EVERY ]y03rAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

tie a bit of colored worsted yarn about tliem ; this gives support, and 
retains the leaves in place. Monthly Carnations are the most desirable 
of all kinds, as they bloom during the winter. 

A select list of monthly varieties : — 

Admirable, creamy white. 

Astoria, yellow, flaked with scarlet. 

Attraction, white, striped with maroon. 

Betsey, brilliant sfearlet. 

Blondin, buff and rose. 

D'Fontana, buff, striped with cherry. 

Donadi's Pride, white, edged with pink; fine. 

Edwardsii, pure white ; extra. 

Grant, rich crimson, striped with slate color. 

Grand Conde, white, blotched with rose. 

La Purite, bright rosy pink. 

Ma Gloire, sulphur yellow, striped scarlet. 

Queen of Whites, purest white. 

Radetzky, rose color with broad purple stripes. 

Star, carmine, splashed with white. 

Gen. Von Moltke, orange salmon, flaked with scarlet. 

Rosaline, bright buff, blotched with crimson. 

Vaillante, scarlet fringed, dwarf, profuse bloomer. 

Welcome, brightest red, perfect shape. 



CHAPTER XII 



Herbaceous Plants, Peonies, Phloxes, Chrysanthemums, 
Delphiniums, and a select list of Desirables. 

" There is a lesson in each flower, 
A story in each stream and bower ; 
On every herb on which you tread 
Are written words which, rightly read, 
Will lead you from earth's fragrant sod, 
To hope, and holiness, and God." 

Herbaceous Plants are Perennials, which die down to the roots every 
winter, but in the spring, send up fresh stems and blossoms from the 
roots, thereby furnishing the easiest means of adorning a garden. They 
require but very little care, as the most of them are hardy, while others 
require a slight protection. The soil should be kept in good order, free 
from weeds, and a yearly dressing of good compost will make them 
bloom luxuriantly, and some species are so vigorous that they will 
continue to bloom annually, even in a neglected grass sod. Many of 
them bloom early in the season, as soon as the Snowdrop. Crocus and 
Hyacinth have passed away; and by a judicious selection, a profuse and 
gorgeous supply of flowers may be obtained from a bed of these plants, 
until the garden is brilliant with the brightly tinted Annuals, etc. 

A list, of the most desirable of these plants will be given, with their 
time of flowering ; but I must first call your attention to the Herba- 
ceous Peeonies, which form a large family of most beautiful flowers, 
gome of which are indispensable in the smallest collection of plants. 



78 EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

Herbaceous P monies. 

The common red Peeony, or, as it is usually called in the old-fashioned 
parlance among those of an older generation, Piny, used to grow in 
every country garden; its large and brilliant red flowers rendering it 
very conspicuous, and delighting all lovers of gorgeous colorings. Well 
do I remember the /wrore caused among amateur florists by the intro- 
duction of a white Peeony, and every one must have a root of it, to 
contrast with their fiery-red flowers. 

Then the fragrant pink variety was introduced and much admired; 
and for many years no other novelty appeared in their ranks ; but the 
English and French florists were busily engaged in cultivating these 
flowers, and now over one hundred varieties are given in the catalogues, 
and described as distinct in shape, hue, time of flowering, etc. 

The Pseony is very showy when planted by itself, yet when grown en 
masse, the effect is truly magnificent. The darkest shades should be 
arranged in the center of the bed, and the colors shaded out to pure 
white; thus planted, a beautiful show can be obtained. 

Alba Plenaia, very double flower, white. 

Whitleyi, older variety, very fragrant, white with yellow center. 

Virginalis, of the purest white. 

Baron Eothschild, flower large, pale rose. 

Queen Victoria, rose color. 

Amabilis, outer petals rose color, and the inner a delicate, creamy white. 

Festiva, white, shaded to carmine red in the center. 

Albicans Plena, rosy pink, and blooms early and late 

Maiden's Blush, fine and large, bright pink. 

Duchesse d'Orleans, outside petals violet- rose, and deep salmon buff 
at the center. 

Pomponia, of a purplish pink, with salmon colored center 

Pattsii, very rich, darkest purplish crimson. 

Duchesse de Nemours, rosy lilac. 

Tenuifolia, funnel-shaped leaves, flowers deep cnmson 

Pompadoura, dark crimson, inner petals delicately cut. 

Eubra Striata, richest rosy crimson. 

The Moutan or Tree Paeonies are very beautiful ; they are perfectly 
hardy, excepting in northern New England, where, to bloom in perfec- 
tion, they should be covered with a barrel filled with leaves. They do 
not die down to the roots every winter, and are more properly called shrubs. 



EVERY W 031 AN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 79 

Phloxes. 

The beauty of these Herbaceous Plants is not fully appreciated. 
They are perfectly hardy, and their brilliant clusters of flowers, com- 
prising all colors from Avhite to crimson and purple, striped and mottled, 
have few superiors among hardy plants. They will thrive in almost any 
soil, but enjoy fresh loam, and new quarters every two or three years. 
They increase rapidly from the roots, will also grow easily from cuttings 
or layers. 

Select list of varieties: — 

Albert Cameron, large white flower, with carmine eye. 

Alexandrine Bellet de Varenne, carmine, with scarlet center. 

Augustine Lierval, Avhite, pink center. 

Chloris, vivid red. 

Countess of Ilome, white, dark crimson center. 

L'Orientale, amoranth, large flower, extra. 

Madame Thaman, rich carmine, crimson center. 

Madame d'Argent, rose colored, purple center. 

Madame Henricq, velvety rose, carmine eye. 

Mademoiselle Lemichez, white, scarlet center. 

Monsieur Auary, very bright red. 

Roi Leopold, striped rose and white, very showy. 

Eaphael, rose, crimson eye. 

White Lady, new, pure white, with clusters of flowers six inches in 
diameter. 

Surpasse Marie Belanger, large, white, purple eye. 

Clirysantlieynums. 

These come into bloom so late in the season that they are frequently 
called the " Christmas flower " ; and, as they fill a place occupied by no 
other flower, should therefore be cultivated in every garden. 

They are most easily propagated from cuttings, taken in August, or 
from the shoots sent up from the roots after blooming. They are very 
hardy excepting at the extreme north, ar.d can be wintered there under 
sods. Good specimens should have but one stem, with short, thick-set 
branches, which may be made to grow by pinching oif the end shoots, 
thus encouraging the side branches. They grow very vigorously in a 
rich light soil. 



80 EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

There are three varieties or species; the large flowered, most suitable 
for out-door culture ; the dwarf or Pompone, which blooms beautifully, 
iu-doors, and their different colors will form a choice bouquet; and thft 
Japan Chrysanthemums. All of these species are beautiful objects in 
the open garden in November and December. 

Largo llowering varieties: — 

Boule d'Or, fine, large, golden yellow. 

Boule d'Neige, large, pure white. 

Captivation, light purple, splendid. 

Erecta Superba, clear sulphur-yellow. 

Lord Derby, deep purple, petals incurved. 

Guernsey Nugget, light yellow. 

Princess Teck, creamy white. 

Prince Albert, crimson, red. 

Queen of England, blush. 

Mount iEtna, fiery crimson. 

Princess of Wales, purest white. 

Temple of Solomon, golden yellow. 

Pompone or LiUputian Clirysanthemuws. 

Acton, golden yellow. 

Countesse de Mons, pale rose. 

Iris, white tipped with rose. 

Sinbad, light crimson. 

Mad. De Soulangis, pure rose. 

Trevenna, purest white. 

Eoi de Liliput, maroon. 

Theresita, fine, lilac. 

Ragozza, yellow, tipped with ros . 

Japan Chrysanthemums. 

These flowers are novelties, from Japan — with tasselled or quilled 
flowers. 

Laciniatus, is creamy white, fine for bouquets and vases. 

Mons. Bonnet, amber, fine large flowers. 

These plants are of an elegant appearance, and by pinching off the 
first flower buds, can be made to bloom in January and February. 



EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 81 

Delphiniums, or Hardy Perennial Larkspurs, 
Are amoug the finest of this class of plants, and if the seed-pods are cut 
ofi", will continue in flower from July to Noyember. They will also 
flower the first year if sown early in hot-bed, and are very desirable 
for late blooming. They grow readily from seed or from the increase 
of the root. The shades of blue are unsurpassed by any other flower 
of similar color. 

Delphinium Formosum is of the brightest blue with a white center. 

D. Mons. Neuner, pale blue. 

D. Chinensi Pumilum, azure blue. 

D. Alba, paper white. 

D. Belladonna, finest sky blue. 

A list of Herbaceous Plants that tvill give a succession ofjloiuers. 

Achillea Millefolium Kubrum, deep red, one foot high, blooms from 
June to September. 

Achillea Ptarmica Plena, pure white double flowers, in bloom from 
July to October. 

Aconitum Napellus (Monkshood), dark blue; four to six feet; June 
to August. 

Aconitum Versicolor, variegated, blue and white; three to five feet, 
July to August. 

Arabis Alpina, pure white flowers, eight inches; May. 

Asclepias tuberosa, orange colored flowers; two feet; July. 

Amsonia salicifolia, lavender blue, in clusters ; three feet ; June. 

Anemone Japonica, purplish rose; eighteen inches; September. 

Aquilegia jocunda (Columbine), dark blue, white center; two feet; 
June. 

Aquilegia striata, striped, blue and white. 

Aquilegia Sibirica, dark bluish-black flowers, very double ; one foot ; 
June. 

Baptisia cerulea, brightest blue ; two feet ; June. 

Baptisia alba, floweis pure white; two feet; June. 

Bocconia cordata, very showy, large foliage, spikes of whitish flowers ; 
six to eight feet; July. 

Callirrhoe involucrata, trailing plant with bright crimson flowers; 
June. 



82 EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

Hollyhocks, very double flowers, all colors; July to October. 

Lupinus polyphyllus, flowers of various colors, from pure white to the 
darkest purple; two to three feet; July, 

Lychnis albo pleno, double, white ; a foot and a half high ; May and 
June. 

Lychnis Chalcedonica pleno, double, scarlet; two to three feet; June 
and July. 

Lychnis Haagena, all colors from white to scarlet. 

Orobus vernus, reddish purple; one foot; April and May. 

Papaver Orientale, brilliant scarlet flowers; three feet; June and July. 

Penstemon grandiflora; there are many varieties from the Prairies; 
three feet; June. 

Phalangium Liliago, flowers pure white, in loose spikes, elegant ; two 
to three feet; July. 

Saxifraga crassifolia, deep pink, in large clusters ; six inches ; blooms 
early in April. 

Scutellaria Japonica, deep purplish blue ; eight inches ; July. 

Lamium Maculatum album et Rubrum, flowers in short round spikes, 
red and white ; June. 

Zauschneria Californica, flowers of a bright scarlet, blossoms in July ; 
hardy in middle States. 

The varieties of the Funkia, or Day Lily, should not be omitted. 
The common variety is of a rare fragrance, and its flowers are produced 
in large clusters; only two or three of the pure white lilies opening at 
once. It is perfectly hardy in all climates. The variegated species has 
blueish- white flowers without the delicious odor of the white variety. 
Its leaves are prettily variegated, and are its chief attraction. 



CHAPTEE XIII. 



Immortelles, or Everlasting Flowers, and Ornamental 

Grasses. 

•' There is religion in a flower: 
Its still small voice is as the voice of conscience. 
Mountains and oceans, planets, suns and systems, 
Bear not the impress of Almighty power 
In characters more legible than those 
"Which He hath written on the tiniest flower 
Whose hght bell bends beneath the dew-drop's weight." 

No collection of flowers is complete without some few varieties of 
Immortelles, or Everlasting Flowers. When ice and snow abound, they 
serve to brighten our in-door surroundings. Mingled with dried grasses 
and branches of Arbor Vitae, or some other evergreen, they make good 
substitutes for their more delicate sisters who are faded and gone. 

My sitting room is always adorned, in the wintry season, with vases 
of these bright flowers, which retain their places until forced to yield 
them to the fragile flowers of the early spring. 

So in ordering your seeds, don't forget to write down an assortment 
of these flowers, whose beauty is not evanescent. 

They are invaluable decorations for home and church, and can be 
made into crowns, crosses and bouquets. 

Their flowers should be gathered while in the bud; if allowed to 
expand, they will not be as handsome when dried. The stems should 
be tied together, and the bunches hung up in a dark, dry closet, taking 
care not to tie them up in too large quantities, to dry quickly, else they 
may mildew or mould. When well dried, put away in boxes until 
desired for use. 



84 EVERY WOMAN IIER OWN FLOWER GARDENER, 

To save seeds from tlicm, it is best to let the first blossoms remain 
uncut, and mature. When ripe, cut them off, and preserve until another 
season. 

These plants will grow in any common garden soil. They are not par- 
ticularly ornamental, as their flowers are kept well cut oflF, and it is better 
to plant a bed of them among the vegetables, or in some out-of-the-way 
corner, as they will not add to the beauty of your flower beds or lawns. 

In the large cities, quite a trade is carried on in the way of these 
flowers, and thousands of them are yearly imported to supply the 
demand for crowns and crosses for the decoration of the cemeteries. 
At all seasons of the year they are appropriate there, for neither rain 
nor sun injures them, when well dried; while they, in their unfading 
brightness, fully corroborate their claims to the title of Immortelles. 

The florists' catalogues offer us a good variety to select from, and at 
the head of the list stand the Acrocliniums — perhaps not quite as beauti- 
ful as Ehodanthe Manglesii, but easier of cultivation, as they are quite 
hardy, and not as delicate in habit. 

They groAv a foot high, and are of two kinds — a bright rose color, and 
pure Avhite — each with a yellow center. The flowers are fragile enough 
to pass for " artificials," and they have been used in decorating ladies' 
hats, with good effect. Vases filled with them, and mingled Avith ani- 
mated oats and grasses, are very ornamental. No garden should be 
without them. 

Ammobium alatum is a white flower, which is very pretty in arranging 
memorial Avreaths or crosses. 

Globe Amaranth, or Gomphrena is commonly cultivated. It is found 
in shades from a bright orange to a purplish crimson, and pure white. 
The flowers should be gathered as soon as the colors are well developed. 

Helichrysums are very desirable. They are in all varieties of color, 
from the brightest yellow, the purest Avhite, to the richest shades of red. 
The minimum, or dwarf species, are the prettiest for wreaths, etc. Be 
sure to cut the buds, and they will dry into perfect flowers. 

Helipterum Sanfordi is a later importation. Its flowers are of a 
bright golden yellow, and grow in small clusters of fine flowers, making 
an agreeable variety. Another kind produces snowy white flowers. 

Ehodanthe is a charming everlasting. Its bright, bell shaped flowers 
and graceful habit make it an addition to the flower beds, as well as foi 
winter decorations. There are four varieties. 



EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 85 

Rhodanthe alba is of silvery whiteness, and the finest white Immor- 
telle grown. 

Rhodanthe atrosanguinea has dark crimson flowers, with a violet disc 
or center. 

Rhodanthe Macnlata has larger blossoms of a bright rose color, tinged 
tvitli violet j)urple, with a yellow center. It is a fine plant for window 
gardening. 

Rhodanthe Manglesii is the oldest variety. Its blossoms are rose col- 
ored, suffused with white. All these flowers are the most desirable of 
their kind. The silvery scales on the outside of the flower contrast 
charmingly with the brighter colors of the petals. 

Waitzia aurea and grandiflora have flowers of a brilliant gold color, 
and produce a fine efiect, when mingled with others. They bloom in 
clusters, and if left too long on the plant, become dingy and discolored. 

Xeranthemnms are very easily cultivated. The seeds vegetate as 
quickly as those of the Aster or Balsam. They are of various colors, 
and grow about one foot high, blooming very freely. 

All of these plants require some space to grow in, and the plants must 
be transj^lanted at least a foot apart to bloom advantageously. 

These Everlasting Flowers can be dyed into various colors. Last 
autumn some bright yellow Helichrysums fell into a solution of borax, 
and turned their petals to the most glorious sunset hue, with a fine 
metallic lustre. It oxydized the color, and my vases are still resplend- 
ent with the fiowers. I tried its effect upon crimson and pink flowers, 
but it failed to beautify them, but faded out all their original brightness. 
The yellow flowers are of a wonderful golden-scarlet hue, rarely seen in 
any flower that grows. Dip the flowers into a cup of water into which 
as much borax as will dissolve has been added, and see for yourself the 
perfect shade of color. Family dyes can be used to dye purple, scarlet and 
green, and mosses can be thus prepared to arrange among the bright-hued 
flowers, making prettier objects for home adornment than can be pur- 
chased at the shops. Purple dye can be made at home from one ounce 
of ground logwood, one tablespoonful of powdered alum, and one pint of 
soft water; boil for twenty minutes; when cool, put in the flowers. 

Yellow dye can be made with one ounce of quercitron bark ; same 
proportions of alum and water as above; boil twenty minutes. Mix 
indigo with the yellow dye, and a beautiful green is formed, which will 
dye mosses or grasses perfectly. 



8(J EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

Ornameiital Grasses. 

The varieties of grasses are almost innumerable. There are already 
known and described three thousand species in the world, and in Amer- 
ica alone there are six hundred. On a small bit of turf, not a foot 
square, you may often find five or six dififerent kinds. Our prairies 
abound in numerous varieties — some radiated, and variegated purple 
and green, like the peacock's plumage — others pinnated and feathery, as 
the marabout's plume; but all exceedingly beautiful! 

The Durva grass of the Hindoos is one of the most perfect that is 
known. 

Sir William Jones remarks that : — 

" The flowers in their perfect state aflFord the loveliest object in crea- 
tion ; and when examined with a microscope, they resemble emeralds 
and rubies trembling in the slightest breath of air. Nor is the Durva 
less esteemed for its valuable qualities. It affords the sweetest and most 
nutritious pasturage for cattle ; and its usefulness and beauty induced 
the Hindoos, even in the earliest ages, to believe that it was the dwelling 
place of a presiding and benevolent nymph, who loved to listen to the 
cropping of dewy herbage by flocks and herds in meadows, and beside 
clear streams. Poets feigned that looking forth from her diverging 
spike, adorned with purple flowers and ranged in two close, alternate 
rows, wherever she presided blights and mildews were unknown, and 
that the air was loaded with fragrance, as if from bowers of balm, 
although neither roses, citrons, richly scented magnolias, nor orange 
trees grew contiguous." 

The Veda celebrates this inimitable grass in the following sentence 
of the A. E. harvana: — 

" May the Durva, which arose from the waters of life, and which hath 
a hundred roots and a hundred stems, prolong my existence on earth 
for a hundred years." 

Linnaeus kneeled beside the northern holy grass, and thanked the 
Lord for having made it. Paley, the great moralist, loved the grasses, 
and delighted in the inspection of their tiny florets. And Christ taught 
us a lesson of faith from them, saying: — 

" Wherefore, if God so clothe the grass of the field, which to-day is, 
and to-morrow is cast into the oven ; shall He not much more clothe 
you, ye of little faith?" 



EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 87 

By grasses are meant all those plants which have a round, jointed, 
and hollow stem, surrounded at each joint with a single leaf, long, 
narrow and pointed, and whose seeds are contained in chaffy husks. 
This numerous family embraces even the tall Bamboo of India and the 
tropical climates, which affords building material for houses, furniture 
and carriages, and yet is brother to the meadow fox-tail grass. 

The Ornamental Grasses are attracting more attention every year, 
and they are especially adapted to planting en masse, or in single beds 
on the lawn. 

They are easily grown from seeds, which cost but a trifle. The per- 
ennial kinds are more desirable on account of their permanency; but 
there are many annual and biennial species well worthy of cultivation, 
even in the smallest garden. They add much to the attractiveness of 
bouquet or vase, and are truly numbered among the indis'pensables. 

Andropogon Argenteum has silvery colored leaves and plumes of 
flowers; is quite hardy, grows four feet high, and is raised either from 
seeds or the division of its roots. 

Andropogon bombycinus is a lovely novelty ; with plumes covered 
with silky hairs of a metallic whiteness. It is a hardy perennial from 
Persia, growing one foot high. 

Arundo donax versicolor has striped foliage, and is one of the most 
beautiful of grasses. It is not quite hardy, but should be covered with 
sods, or placed in a dry cellar during winter. 

Chloropsis Blanchardia is a very elegant species, with rose colored 
spikes. It is also tender, requires protection in a northern climate. 

Bromus brizaeformis is a hardy species, with drooping panicles ; grows 
one foot high. 

Chascolytrum erectum is also hardy, and very ornamental ; is a native 
of Chili ; grows eighteen inches. 

Chloris myriostachies is a new variety, with velvety flower heads; 
hardy ; grows three feet. 

Cyperus Paramatta belongs to the sedge family, and is very attractive. 

Erianthus Ravennal is one of the most desirable species cultivated. 
It is quite hardy, and forms large clumps from which the stems rise to 
the height of ten to twelve feet, and are crowned with silvery plumes of 
twenty inches in length. A clump of this beautiful grass in full bloom, 
is an object of universal admiration. Its flowers are pure white, with a 
silvery lustre. 



88 EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

Gynerium argenteum (Pampas grass), is truly the " Queen of Orna- 
mental Grasses." It mnst be seen to be appreciated. It is tender in the 
northern States, but its roots can be kept in boxes in the cellar during 
winter. 

Panicum capilaceum is hardy, and very rich in foliage of rosy hue. 

Pepragmites communis grows commonly along the banks of our 
northern rivers, but it is beautiful, and deserves a place among its 
foreign brethren. Its spikes of flowers are covered with long, white, 
silky hairs. 

Stipa pennata (Feather grass), is very ornamental, the seeds vegetate 
slowly, and should be started under glass. 

Trypsacum dactyloides is a very handsome and hardy grass. 

Among the annual varieties I should select — 

Agrostis retrafracta, an extremely graceful species; a great addition to 
bouquets and vases. 

Agrostis Steveni, with beautiful, feathery panicles. 

Avena sterilis (Animated Oats), with large drooping spikes of flowers. 

Briza maxima (Quaking grass), very beautiful. 

Briza geniculata, dwarf habit ; very graceful. 

Chloris radiata, a curious variety ; very desirable. 

Ohloris truncata, silvery plumes. 

Eleusine barcinonensis, a novelty with out-spreading plumes of 
flowers; lovely for house culture. 

Hordeum jubatum (Squirrel-tail grass), lovely green and purplish 
plumes. 

Lagurus ovatus (Hare's-tail grass), very pleasing. 

Panicum variegatum, one of the most graceful and ornamental plants 
for baskets or vases. 

Paspalum elegans, white flower. 



CHAPTER XIY. 



Oen"amen-tal Foliaged Plants. 

/ " Oh 1 who that has an eye to see, 
1 A heart to feel, a tongue to bless, 

I Can ever undelighted be, 

"With nature's magic loveliness." 

Variegated leaved plants are quite the fashion at this time, and are 
becoming more popular every year. They produce a fine efiect when 
planted in oval or circular beds. The furore for these plants has pro- 
duced a great variety ; the whole world has been searched for rare 
specimens, and these have been hybridized, and greatly improved. A 
bed of them, well arranged as to color, is a most gorgeous sight, equal 
to any display of flowers. 

A recent writer speaks of them thus : — 

" Do not these curious plants, that among their leaves of light have 
no need of flowers, resemble those rare human plants that develop all 
the beauties of mind and character at an exceptionally early age, and 
rapidly ripen for the tomb ? They do not live to bring forth the flowers 
and fruits of life's vigorous prime, and therefore God converts their 
foliage into leaves, crowns the initial stage with the glories of the final, 
and makes their very leaves beautiful. By the transfiguration of His 
grace, by the light that never was on sea or land, He adorns even their 
tender years with all the loveliness which in other cases comes only with 
full maturity." 

A very pretty bed of Ornamental Plants can be sown from seed. In 
the center, plant the Striped-leaved Japanese Corn. A foot from it on 



90 EVERY W03IAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

all sides, sow seeds of the Carinas ; soak the seeds in boiling "water for 
an hour, and pour boiling water on the ground after the seeds are 
planted. If planted about the 10th of May, they will grow finely. 

For the next row, sow Amaranthns melancholicus, and thin out the 
plants a foot apart. Next to these put the Silvery-leaved Cineraria 
maritima; and border the whole with Perilla Nankinensis. A row of 
white Candytuft could come after the Perilla, but it must be pulled up as 
soon as its flowers are past, or it will destroy the beauty of the bed. 
Such a bed could be obtained at a slight expense, not exceeding one 
dollar; while for a bed of Coleus — Achyranthus, Caladiums, Cineraria 
Acanthifolia, Alternantheras, Centaurcas and Gnaphalium, sixty to 
seventy-five dollars is often paid. Of course, a bed of the latter descrip- 
tion is far more recherche than one of the former; but only those whom 
Fortune has favored, can possess it; while you and I can delight our 
eyes daily with the bed of our own planting from seeds. 

Coleus. 

These plants take first rank among variegated plants. Coleus Vers- 
chaflFeltii, with rich crimson leaves, veined with bronze and margined 
with green, was considered a rare wonder ; but the Golden Coleus far 
surpass the early varieties. The American and English florists have 
been very successful with these lovely plants. They ofier us this 
year : — 

Beauty of "Widmore, olive green, stained with pink, white edge. 

Eolat, bronzy crimson, golden edge. 

Acis, crimson, shaded carmine, golden edge. 

Brilliant, bronzy crimson, broad golden margin. 

Model, pinkish bronze, narrow golden border. 

Princess Louise, reddish bronze, light yellow edge. 

Golden Beauty, dark crimson, wavy and golden, fringed edge. 

Setting Sun, rich bronze center, bright yellow edge. 

Sunbeam, bronzy crimson, dark veins, yellow margin. 

Unique, reddish crimson, deep golden border. 

Of the older kinds the most noted are : — 

Albert Victor, center purplish red, broad yellow margin. 

Her Majesty, bronzy red center, greenish yellow margin. 

Princess Koyal, center reddish bronze, light yellow margin. 

All of these make fine bedding-out plants ; will grow in any rich. 



EVERT WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 91 

sandy loam ; they are very tender, the first frost blackens their beauty ; 
and they require much heat in the winter. A slight chill is death to 
them. I had fine plants of several kinds last winter, but a cold night 
in December killed every one; green-house culture is needful for them. 

Acliyrantlius. 

These plants rank next to the Coleus in richness of coloring, and 
beavity of veining. 

A. Acuminata has dark red leaves, marked with a salmon-red midrib, 
and light crimson under-surface. It contrasts charmingly with silvery- 
leaved plants. 

Aureus Eeticulatus has light green foliage, veined with yellow; 
stems crimson, very effective. 

Achyranthus Lindenii is of a bushy growth, foliage rich, deep crimson. 

All of these are very tender, but make good house plants during the 
winter. 

Alternantheras. 

These are dwarf plants from Brazil, with leaves tinted with crimson, 
pink, brown and green. 

A. Amcena, crimson shaded to pink, and amber brown. 

A. Amabilis, orange, crimson and dark green. 

A. Leatifolia, foliage large, green, orange and crimson. 

A. Versicolor, olive, crimson and chocolate. 

These varieties are all used for edgings, and if they are closely cut, 
the fresh growth assumes most brilliant hues. They will not outlive 
our cold winters without protection. 

Caladiums. 

One of the most beautiful of the Ornamental Foliaged Plants for 
planting on the lawn, or as a center for oval or circular beds. They 
Avill grow five feet high, with immense leaves of a light green color, 
beautifully veined with various colors. They are bulbous roots, and 
must be taken up with the first frosts. 

The bulbs should be kept in sand in a dry temperature, not below 50* 

Caladium Chatini, green ground, red and white spots. 

Due de Nassau, clear red leaf, beautifully shaded. 

Emperor Napoleon, brilliant crimson, with rich blood-red ribs. 

0. Houlletii, spotted and veined, with various shades of green. 



92 EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

Madame Houllet, pink spots towards the center, with white spots on 
the margin. 

C. Sedeni, clouded, green and rose. 

C. Splendens, rich crimson, shaded to a green margin. 

C. Verschaffeltii, green ground, with pink spots. 

The oldest and best known variety is the Caladium Esculcatum, the 
leaves are of immense size, often two feet long and six inches broad. It 
will thrive when the other tender varieties fail. 

Begonias. 

This class are remarkable for the diversity of their markings, and 
their rich crimson stems and edgings. Some of the leaves are of an 
immense size, with broad silvery zones and snowy spots, which contrast 
perfectly with the rich crimson-tinted, emerald-hued leaves. 

Begonia Rex was the first variety ; from it have sprung many rare kinds. 

Begonia Hybrida Multiflora is valuable, especially for flowering during 
the winter months, blooming almost continually; has small ovate, 
glossy leaves, and a profusion of gracefully drooping racemes of rosy 
pink blossoms. 

C annas. 

These are highly ornamental and effective ; their broad, bright-hued 
leaves resemble those of the Banana ; and their flowers are produced in 
racemes of scarlet, crimson, orange-red, and buff. They are tender, and 
must be removed to a dry cellar as soon as the frost comes. In spring 
start them in boxes, or in a warm climate, in the open border. They 
are grown from seed, as directed in this chapter; but one is not certain 
of procuring the best varieties. The bulbs can always be purchased at 
the florists at a small price. 

Atropurpurea has fine dark leaves, with orange-scarlet flowers. 

Insignis, leaves banded and rayed with purples ; flowers reddish-orange. 

Premices de Nice, large foliage, bright yellow flowers, spotted with 
salmon. 

Rubra Superbissima, stalks crimson, leaves red, with a metallic shade, 
flowers clear orange-red. 

Nigricans, leaves green with a dark bronze shade, flowers bright Ver- 
million. 

Ne plus ultra, leaves rich purple, flowers crimson-scarlet. 

Musaefolia, foliage large and handsome. 



EVERT W02IAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 03 

Silver Foliage Plants 
Are very desirable to plant iu rows with the brightly hued Coleus, Achy- 
lanthus, etc. 

Artemisia Stelleriana is a pretty dwarf plant. 

Cineraria Acanthifolia has velvety white leaves, and is the most 
desirable of its kind. 

Centaurea Gymnocarpa, very elegant, silvery leaves, with narrow, 
pointed lobes. 

Centaurea Candidissima has snowy Avhite leaves, with a frosted 
appearance. 

Centaurea Clementei surpasses all its family in the elegance of its 
foliage. Its young leaves are like velvet, and, when fully developed, 
retain a silvery effect. 

Gnaphalium Lanatum is of a dwarf, creeping habit, very desirable as 
a bordering. 

Gnaphalium Tomentosum has long, narrow, silvery foliage. 

Glaucium Corniculatum has long, velvety leaves, of a silvery white 
hue; leaves deeply pinnated ; flowers of bell shape, orange yellow. It 
is a novelty introduced last season, and is much admired. 

Achyrocline Saundersonii is dwarf and densely branched, with pure 
white leaves. 

Coprosma Baneriana Variegata, a fine dwarf plant, with green oval 
leaves, flecked and veined with yellow; is a novelty from New 
Zealand. 

Sinclairea Discolor has large, oval leaves, bright green on the upper 
side, but lined Avith a downy, snowy whiteness, producing a fine effect. 

Wigandia Caraccasana is a stately, ornamental plant, whose large, 
bright green leaves are covered with hairy spines. Its flowers are of 
rich purple, borne on a large spike. 

Fittonia Argyroneura is lovely for vases, hanging baskets, or ferne- 
ries. Its leaves are of bright green, netted with pearly white veins. 

Acorus Gramineus Variegata is also desirable for baskets, etc. Its 
narrow, grass-like leaves are margined with bright yellow. 

Panicum Variegatum is also a grass, striped with white and rose ; will 
grow two or three feet in a season ; is very elegant. 

Abutilon Thompsonii is a prettily variegated shrub, with leaves mar- 
bled with yellow. 

Sedum Carneum Variegatum is of dwarf growth, with lance-shaped 



94 EVERT W03IAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

green leaves, margined with white. Beautiful for rock work, but will 
not endure the winter of the Northern States. 

I cannot close a chapter on Variegated Plants, without mention 
of the 

Golden Bronze and the Silver Margined Oeraniums. 

This class form most beautiful groups or beds, very effective either on 
the lawn or in the garden. 

Mrs. Pollock is one of the best known of these varieties, but Lady 
Oullum surpasses it in the beauty of its .zone. 

Sir Robert Napier is said to possess the handsomest coloring of all. 
Its zone is deeply indented with brilliant scarlet; flowers flesh colored. 

Sophie Dumaresque has a dark crimson zone, wdth broad yellow 
margin. 

Black Prince, dark bronze zone, on a yellow ground. 

Beauty of Oulton, broad yellow leaf, with a wide bronze zone. 

Bronze Queen, yellowish bronze, with a dark chocolate zone ; con- 
trasts perfectly with the silver-edged varieties. 

Southern Belle, golden yellow ground, brilliant crimson zone. 

E. G. Henderson, light yellow ground, fine dark bronzy zone. 

Beauty of Calderdale, reddish brown zone on a golden green ground. 

Crystal Palace Gem, golden margin, green center. 

Perilla, broad dark zone. 

Queen Victoria, rich maroon zone, golden yellow margin. 

Silver Margined Geraniums. 

Cherub, silver margined, carmine zone, dwarf. 

Burning Bush, sulphur white, with bronze zone of rosy crimson tint. 

Beauty of Guestwick, zone bronze and rosy carmine, creamy white 
margin. 

Castlemilk, pea-green center, well defined white edge, the whitest of 
its class. 

Countess of Warwick, broad white margin, zone dark bronze, banded 
with pink. 

May Queen, fine broad silver edge. 

Kenilworth, white margiji, rich crimson zone. 

Mt. of Snow, pure white, broad edge. 

Rainbow, silvery white margin, red zone. 

Snow Storm, fine white edge. 



EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 95 

Italia Uuita, silver edge, dark zone shaded to carmine. 
Little Pet. pink zone, silver edge. 
Snow Drop, fine silvery white edge. 
Perfection, broad white margin, tine. 

Variegated Ivy-Leaved Geraniums. 

These flowers are very lovely, from their drooping growth, for vases, 
rustic baskets and rock work. They grow readily from slips, are quite 
tender, and must be housed during the winter months. 

L'Elegante has deep pea-green leaves, with a clear white margin run- 
ning into pink. Its flowers are pure white, borne in large clusters. It 
is unsurpassed for ornamental purposes, where vines are required. 

Duke of Edinburgh is beautifully variegated, and of very vigorous 
growth. 

Holly Wreath has leaves of deep green, with a creamy margin, white 
flowers. 

Peltatum Floribunda, leaves bright glossy green, flowers of a rosy 
pink. 

Fairy Bells, rich green leaves, flowers a light blush 

Elegans, bright rich foliage, mauve colored flowers. 

All these Variegated Geraniums grow readily from cuttings, and will 
bloom in almost any common garden soil. They show their bright 
markings at better advantage if located so that they are shaded from 
the heat of the noonday sun. Planted together, en masse, they produce 
a gorgeous effect. All of them have brilliant colored flowers, but they 
are not as large and handsome as those of the Zonale tribe. If planted 
on a graduated mound, with a tall Zonale or Double Geranium for the 
apex, they show in perfect contrast. They require watering at night, if 
the season is hot and dry. They can be wintered in a warm window, or 
placed in sandy soil, in boxes, and kept in a frost-proof cellar. 

Of course the leaves will fall, but the roots will remain alive, and will 
not require water more than once or twice all winter, unless they are 
kept in a warm place near the furnace fire ; but this is not a good loca- 
tion for them ; far better to keep them in a cool, dark cellar, where 
vegetation can sleep quietly. 



CHAPTER XY. 



Spking Flo weeing Bulbs. 

" Odors of spring, my senses ye charm! 
Methinks with purpose soft ye come, 

To tell of brighter hours ; 
Of May's blue skies, abundant bloom, 

And sunny gales and showers." 

In October and November we must plant the Spring Flowering Bulbs, 
which are the first flowers in the spring that gladden our eyes. As 
soon as the sun's rays have strength enough to pierce the stony ground, 
they send up their leaves closely sheathed together to withstand the icy 
touch of the north wind. With the first sweet whistle of the robin, and 
the clear treble notes of the blue bird, they stand ready to burst forth 
into gorgeous splendor. The pearly white Snowdrop, white as the 
snow-drift which has nourished her buds, is the pale leader of the glori- 
ously clad procession which follows the spring's footsteps. 

Clusters of these roots can be planted among the grass nearest the 
house, and early in March and AjDril they will appear in full bloom. 
They will grow in any soil ; but will run out if new homes are not pro- 
vided for them every three or four years. They multiply rapidly. The 
great Snowdrop is double the size of the common kind, but does not 
blossom so early. The small sorts can be planted an inch apart and two 
inches deep, but the larger kinds should be planted five inches asunder, 
and four inches in depth. 

The Crocus 
Comes next in order, clothed in purple, yellow and white, lilac and blue ; 
striped and plain ; cloth of gold and cloth of silver. They are of easy 



EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 97 

culture, and increase rapidly by oflFsets ; they can remain in the ground 
three years, hut may he taken up every year, when their leaves have 
hecome yellow. October is the best season for replanting them, but 
ISTovember will do in warm climates. They should be planted two inches 
deep, and an inch or two apart. The new varieties are raised from seed. 
These bulbs are perfectly hardy, but will come forward better in the 
spring, if the ground is covered with a bed of leaves or evergreen boughs. 

Among the new varieties are : — 

Albion, blue, striped with white. 

Caroline Chisholm, purest white. 

Cloth of Gold, yellow, striped with black. 

Cloth of Silver, white, striped with purple. 

David Rizzio, dark purple. 

Elise, light shaded. 

Ivanhoe, blue and white. 

Ne plus ultra, blue bordered. 

Miss Nightingale, light striped. 

Qaeen Victoria, pure white. 

Scotch, yellow, with purple stripes. 

Sir Walter Scott, pencilled lilac. 

Van Speyk, violet striped. 

The HyacintJi. 

This plant, though a native of the desert, has been domesticated for 
many centuries, and is aptly styled the " Domestic Flower," for it is 
dearly loved in many homes. 

Haarlem is the great focus of bulbous cultivation ; its soil consists of 
light vegetable mould mixed with sand, and under this is a substrata of 
sand which drains off the heavy spring rains. Florists of other countries 
have imitated this soil, thereby producing as fine bulbs as can be raised 
in Holland. 

All new varieties are raised from seeds, but much care and patience 
are required, and often not more than six fine flowers will be found in 
a thousand seedlings ; so it is the best to content ourselves with raising 
them from the bulbs, which multiply rapidly by ofl'sets, which should 
be planted out by themselves, in a dry, sunny location ; if they attempt 
to flower the flrst spring, pick ofi" the buds, for the root needs all its 
strength ; but the next spring they will flower well, and after that can 
be treated like grown-up bulbs. 



98 EVERY W 031 AN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

If the beds in which the Hyacinths and other bulbs have flowered are 
needed before the roots have fully matured, they can be taken up and 
laid in ridges, covering the roots with sandy earth, but leaving the stems 
and leaves fully exposed to the air; they will soon decay, and the bulbs 
Avill swell to full maturity. If the ground is not required for other 
plants, the beds can remain for two or three years undisturbed, but 
larger flowers are produced by yearly transplantings. The seed-pods 
should be broken off before they have had time to develop, as ripening 
the seed would tend to exhaust the strength of the bulb, but the leaves 
are needful to prepare the pulp for maturing the bulb for another sea- 
son ; therefore they must not be cut off until they are wholly dried up. 
When quite dry, separate the offsets, and place by themselves in paper 
bugs or boxes, and keep in a dark, dry closet, until time to replant them. 
Their roots Avill strike through a mellow soil, from ten to even twelve 
inches ; therefore to raise the finest blossoms, the soil should be removed 
at least one foot in depth, and the earth well broken up ; then spread 
over it a layer of three or four inches of leaf mould, well mixed with 
sand, and fill up with a compost of one-third well-rotted cow manure, 
and two-thirds sandy loam, well mingled, If the soil under the pine 
trees of the woods can be obtained, you will make your bulbs blossom 
in perfection ; it is a dark, sandy loam, excellently fitted for flowering 
all bulbs. Scouring sand, which can be found in nearly every kitchen, 
is very useful in planting bulbs; put a table-spoonful into each hole, and 
set the bulb upon it. Plant in concentric circles, straight rows, or clusters, 
and cover the largest sized bulbs, at least three to four inches. A liberal 
top dressing of sand will draw the sun's rays early in the season. As soon 
as the gi'ound freezes hard, cover the beds with four or five inches of straw, 
leaves, or coarse stable litter; but don't cover them too early, else the 
ground mouse may burrow in the warm bed, and feed upon your bulbs. 

As soon as the green sheathed leaves appear, remove part of the cover- 
ing, and press the earth tightly around the bulbs, else they will crack 
the earth, and let the chilling winds into the roots. In ten days or a 
fortnight, if the weather is warm, remove all the coverings. 

The florists' catalogiies are issued every autumn, and offer us a large 
variety of roots with high-sounding names. In the selection of bulbs, 
choose those that are compact, solid, and firm at the base of the root. 

The double varieties are usually the most desirable for out-door cul- 
ture, and they will often cover at least half of the stem with lovely bells, 



EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 09 

forming a compact cone, terminated at the top by an uprignt flower. 
The single varieties are better for window gardening, and some of them 
are indispensable to every collection. 

A bed of Hyacinths in full bloom is a glory and a joy, but in planting 
them due deference must be paid to their height, and time of blooming, 
or the whole effect may be spoiled ; and some catalogues properly men- 
tion, not only the names, but the seasons and height of the flowers. 

A select list of double and single varieties : — 

Double, Dark and Light Blue. 

Albion, late, low. 

King of Wurtemburg, early, tall, very fine 

A la Mode, early, low, a perfect blue. 

Pasquiu, early, tall, a light blue. 

Globe Terrestre, late, low, perfect flower. 

Laurens Coster, low, early. 

Koning Ascingaris, tall, early. 

Bloksberg, late, low. 

Lord Raglan, low, early. 

Richard Steele, low, early. 

Single, Blue of all shades, 

L'Amie de Cceur, tall, early, very dark. 
L'Unique, tall, early, rich purplish blue. 
Bleu Mourant, late, low, deep blue. 
Charles Dickens, tall, early, perfect flower. 
Porcelaine Scepter, low, early, light blue. 
La Peyrouse, low, early, porcelaine blue. 

Double, White. 

Due de Berry, late, tall. 

Duchess of Bedford, late, low. 

La Deese, late, low. 

La Virginitie, low, early. 

Virgo, tall, early. 

Lord Anson low, early. 

Single, White, 
Alba Superbissima, low, early. 
Bella Donna, late, low. 



100 EVERY W03rAN EER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

Blanchard, tall, early. 

La Caudeur, low, early. 

Queen Victoria, low, early. 

Queen of the Netherlands, tall, early. 

Double, Red and Rose. 

Belle Marie, late, tall. 

Bouquet Constant, low, early. 

La Gaiete, low, early. 

Mars, late, low. 

Sir Thomas Grey, late, low. 

Czar Nicholas, low, early. 

Lord Wellington, low, early, fine. 

Perruque Eoyale, late, tall. 

Single, Red and Rose. 
Belle Corrinne, low, early. 
Madame Hodson, tall, early. 
Eobert Steiger, tall, early. 
Princess Victoria, late, low. 
Jenny Lind, low, early. 
Duchess of Richmond, tall, early. 

Double, Yellow. 
Bouquet d'Orange, low, early. 
Crcesus, late, low. 
Jaune Supreme, tall, early. 
La Grandeur, late, low. 
Van Spek, tall, early. 

Single, Yellov). 
Alida Jacobea, low, early. 
Anna Carolina, late, low. 
Fleur d'Or, low, early. 
Koning Van Holland, low, early. 
La Pluie d'Or, tall, early. 
Prit Hein, low, early. 
Rhinosceros, tall, early. 



EVERY WOMAX HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER! 101 

Tlie Tulip. 

This bulbous plant has been aptly styed " The Fop of Flowers," for 
it is the most gorgeous of all the spring flowers, and its variety of colors, 
most delicately blended, are almost beyond the power of imagination. 

Their culture is so simple, that no one can well afford to be with- 
out a bed of them, for an early display of gorgeous bloom. 

They are natives of Persia, and the name is derived from tulipan, a 
turban, the calyx of the flower resembling that Eastern head-dress. 
The Turks first cultivated them, and from thence they were sent to 
Vienna. At first they were supposed to be eatable, like onions, but 
were found unpalatable ; then they were preserved in sugar, but their 
taste was not improved, so they were thrown out upon a refuse heap as 
worthless trash; here they bloomed, and thus revealed the beauty of tlie 
flower. 

Conrad Gesner, the Swiss botanist, first saw the flower in 1559, and 
described it scientifically. Many years afterwards, Linufeus gave the 
flower the specific name of Gesneriana, in honor of Gesner. 

Linnaeus styles bulbs, "The hybernacle, or winter lodge, of the young 
plants." Darwin says, " These bulbs in every respect resemble buds, 
3xcept in their being produced under ground, and include the leaves 
and flowers in minature which are to be expanded in the ensuing spring. 
By cautiously cutting in winter through the concentric coats of a' Tulip 
root, longitudinally from the top to the base, and taking them ofl" suc- 
cessively, the whole flower of the next summei*'s Tulip is beautifully 
seon by the naked eye, with its petals, pistils, and stamens. The flowers 
exist in other bulbs in the saine manner, but their individual flowers 
bei ag of less size, they are not so easily dissected, or so conspicuous to 
the aaked eye. The poet thus describes the bulb : — 

" Qaick flies fair Tnlipa the loud alarms, ' 

And folds lier infant closer in her arms ; 
In some lone cave's secure pavilion lies, 
And waits the courtship of sei-ener skies." 

In the first half of the 17th century the historical episode of the 
tulipomania occurred. It commenced in Holland, thence spread to 
France, and England would have felt its influence had she not been fully 
occupied with the more sanguinary mania of civil war. The almost 
incredible extravagances of this mania are usually laid to the Dutch; 
but this is erroneous. As well attribute the deeds of reckless stock spec- 



102 EVERY VOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARBEKER. 

ulators m railways, to the scientific engineers who planned and con« 
structed them. 

The high esteem in which the Dutch held the flower, doubtless sowed 
the seeds of the disease ; but the immense prices given for single roots, 
had no reference to their floral value. It was the love of gambling, and 
not the love of flowers, which created them. Speculators bought or sold 
tulip roots at a certain price, to be delivered at a specified time, just as the 
frequenters of the stock exchange speculate by time bargains in stock. 
Thus the tulip king of the era would possess himself of a certain variety 
of Tulij-), and then offer to purchase more; other dealers, supposing they 
could procure them easily, would undertake to deliver a certain quan- 
tity at such a time, at an agreed price ; that variety would rise in value, 
and so the artful speculator could obtain almost any price he pleased for 
his roots, purchased at a low price. 

"Bulls," "bears," "ducks," "gulls" and otlier like animals, well 
known to those who frequent the stock markets, are not a modern 
invention; but centuries ago existed in Holland and France. The 
Dutch amateurs loved their Tulip roots as they loved their own houses 
and lands, and Crabbe tells us that: — 

" With all his plilegm, it broke a Dutchman's heart, 
At a vast price, with one loved root to part." 

Some individuals gave all they possessed for the coveted bulbs, and 
we read that one root was exchanged for four fot oxen. 

In England, as late as 1835, a root named " Fanny Kemble" sold at 
auction for $"^25. 

Tulips do not bloom quickly from the seed ; five years at least must 
elapse before " the bright, consummate flower " appears, and its bloom is 
usually a self, or mere ground color, and is termed a breeder ; but in a 
lew years the calyx will become variegated, and it is termed irol'en; so 
when a really choice vaiiety is produced, its annual offsets is its only 
means of propagation, and it must command a high price for some years. 

The late variety of Tulip mostly cultivated is T. Gesneriana, and is 
divided into three classes, -vdz.: — roses, byblomens, and bizarres. The 
" roses " are marked with cherry, scarlet, pink and crimson stripes or 
veins, on a white ground. They are usually eighteen inches high, and 
their cups are large and well formed. The "byblomens" are marked 
with black, lilac or purple, on a white ground ; and the " bizarres " are 
feathered witli purple, pink, cherry, scarlet, etc., on a yellow ground. 



EVKRY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 103 

These classes are still divided into flamed and feathered. A Tulip has 
neither corolla or petal, but a calyx of colored sepals. A feathered 
Tulip has a dark colored edge, growing lighter toward the margin. 

Those of our readers who have never seen a bed of these Tulips can- 
not even imagine the brilliancy of their colorings and gorgeous feather- 
ings. When planted in diamonds, ovals, stars or circles, on a well kept 
lawn, the effect is splendid ! 

The "Due Van Thol" varieties are a very early kind, blossoming in 
temperate climates early in March. They are dwarfs, their stems not 
over six inches high, and they are excellent for winter flowering in win- 
dow gardens. There are white, yellow, scarlet, red, rose and striped 
varieties, and small beds of them scattered over a lawn, present at a dis- 
tance the appearance of brilliant butterflies hovering over the grass. 
They are perfectly hardy, but will flower more plentifully if taken up 
every spring, when the leaves have decayed. 

The " Tournesol " species come into bloom next to the " Van Thols," 
and are double and only in two kinds; the red and yellow, and the cleai', 
pure yellow. In mixed beds they are very gorgeous. 

The Double Tulips gain in favor yearly; their flowers are very bril- 
liant and large. 

Crown of Roses is of the richest rose color 

Belle Alliance, white, striped, and feathered with violet. 

Gloria Mundi, delicate primrose, striped with crimson. 

La Candeur, of the purest white and perfect shape. 

Poupre Agreable, white and violet, late. 

Marriage de ma Fille, pure white, striped with cerise, late. 

Paeony Gold, yellow, beautifully shaded, late. 

Lord Wellington, blue, very showy, late. 

Amsterdam, brown and red, curiously blended, late. 

The Parrot Tulips are the most curious and unique of all the varie- 
ties. The flowers are magniflcently striped and feathered, with many 
colors, most picturesquely mingled, while the edges of the sepals are 
fringed like fretted lace work. They are very desirable for groups and 
clumps, and, if planted around low evergreens, will stand out finely 
against the dark, green background. 

The most distinct varieties are : — 

Constantinople, a bright yellow and red. 

Glorieuse, a brilliant scarlet. 



104 EVERY WOJIAX HER OWN FLOWER GARDEXER 

Markgraf, striped, red and yellow. 

Moustre Rouge, large, crimsou. 

Belle Jaune, large yellow, feathered with red and green. 

Cultivation of the Tulip. 

Fresh, sandy loam, such as is obtained from upland pastures, is the 
best soil. Remove the sods from sheep or cow pastures, and take the 
virgin soil. The late blooming Tulips should be planted four inches in 
depth; the " Van Thols," etc., from two to three inches, according to 
their size, and their roots will strike down from five to six inches. Good 
garden soil, mixed with cow manure, two years-old; and a plentiful 
sprinkling of sand, will grow them to advantage. Never put fresh 
barnyard compost near them; it will burn up the bulbs. 

They should be plante.d in November, and be firmly set in the soih 
six inches apart for the tall varieties, and four inches for the " Van 
Thols." Sprinkle sand, as directed for Hyacinths, into each hole; this 
will keep the bulbs from rotting at the base. After the ground freezes, 
cover with straw, or leaves, for the freezing and thawing of the ground 
injures the blooms of the next spring. 

When the leaves fall, cut oif the stems, and when the leaves are dried 
up the bulbs can be removed, the offsets separated, and treated just like 
Hyacinths. 

In selecting the bulbs, choose those that are solid, a little pointed, 
and the skin entire. 

These flowers will richly repay the little care expended upon them, 
and I especially desire to call the attention of lady florists to their merits. 

As I write this chapter, I feast my eyes on a small bed of " Van 
Thols" that are perfectly gorgeous, and attract the attention of every 
passer-by. The cold north wind whistles around the windows, and 
bends the brilliant calyx of their blooms, but does not mar their beauty. 
By their side sweet Hyacinths bloom, and they are all the flowers which 
my garden can boast in this young spring-time. 

The Daffodils. 

These are hardy bulbs, which are common in old-fashioned gardens, 
and our grandmothers loved to cherish them. They will bloom in out- 
of-the-way places for years and years, and ask no care or attention. The 
flowers are of a brilliant yellow. 



EVERT WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 105 

The Jonquils. 
Their creamy, rose-tipped chalices are always lovely, and the double 
varieties are fair and white as roses ; but some of them lack the fra- 
grance of their sister bulbs. 

The Narcissus. 
This is an extensive family which grows freely in any good garden 
loam. The DafiFodil and Jonquil belong to the family, and there are 
many varieties of the Polyanthus Narcissus, which are the most lovely 
bulbs of the class. Their flowers are formed in clusters of six to twelve 
flowers on a single stem, and of every shade from purest white to deepest 
orange. The cup of the white varieties is always yellow, and of the yel- 
low, a deep orange. These bulbs flower finely in . the window garden, 
and three or four bulbs can be grown in a small pot. The Double Nar- 
cissus is very desirable for its perfect flower and spicy fragrance. They 
all require the same treatment as Hyacinths, and should be planted four 
inches deep, and set out in clumps, ten inches apart. 

A nemones. 
These are very lovely bulbs ; their colors are gorgeous, and the mark- 
mgs, belts and stripes very charming. Double and single are both 
beautiful. The bulbs are tender in our north countries, and can be kept 
in the house until spring, in a dry, cool place, and set out as soon- as the 
ground is well thawed. In mild climates they can be planted in Octo- 
ber or November. They bloom after the earlier bulbs are gone, and 
their flowers last a long time. When the leaves turn yellow, take up 
the roots, dry in the shade, and pack away in sand until autumn. 

The Lily of the Valley 
Must not be forgotten among Spring Flowering Bulbs, though her roots 
partake more of the nature of small, thin tubers. She hangs her pearly 
bells like so many fragrant censers, and is ever welcome and ever lovely 
— a true home flower, sanctified to many hearts by both festive and 
faneral occasions. No garden is complete Avithout a bed of them ! 

There are both double and single varieties, but the latter are the most 
common. These sweet flowers require no care, will bloom for years in 
the same bed, and throw out their pure white tuberous roots far into the 
pathways. They love the shade, and flourish best in an out-of-the-way 



106 EVERY W03IAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

corner, where tlie soil is moist and rich. Are perfectly hardy, requiring 
no protection in the coldest winter. There is no bulb that flourishes so 
perfectly under neglect ; and no flower which is more perfect in form 
and fragrance. 

Tlie RaJiwiculus. 

There are two kinds of these bulbs — the Double Persian, and the 
Turban ; they form a fine contrast when planted together. They require 
a rich soil, at least a foot and a half in depth of friable, rich earth ; that 
taken from a marshy wood — deep and dark, and mixed with A^ery old 
decomposed manure — is the best for them. They need to be frequently 
watered ; drought will kill their blossoms, and they are too tender to 
endure the cold of northern winters, but must be kept in dry sand, and 
planted out three inches deep, early in the spring. The hot sun will 
fade out their bright colors, so it is best to plant them in the shade. 

Ixias, Scillas, Irises, Colchicums and Crown Imperials are all good 
border plants, and add variety to a bed of bulbous roots. 

Generally, any well-drained garden soil will answer for them; if clay, 
a good sprinkling of sand, and a top dressing of well decayed manure 
will make them bloom more freely. 



OHAPTEE XYL 



Bulbs foe Summer Flowerhstg. 

" ' Look at the Lilies, how they grow! ' 
' Twas thus the Saviour said, that we. 
E'en in the simplest flowers that blow, 
God's ever watchful care might see. 

Shall He who paints the Lily's leaf, 

Who gives the Rose its scented breath, 
Love all His works, except the chief. 

And leave His image, man, to death ? " 

The Japan Lilies. 

Bulbs that can be preserved in the house in a dry state during the 
winter, and planted in the ground in the spring, or those which live out 
during the winter and bloom in the house, are called Summer Bulbs. 

To this class belong the Japan Lilies, Gladiolus, Dahlias, Tuberoses, 
Tigridias, Amaryllis formosissima, Valotta purpurea superba, and Tri- 
tomas. 

These flowers are of very easy cultivation, and contribute largely to 
the beauty of the garden ; their magnificent bloom well repaying the 
little attention they require. The peculiar nature of a bulb is not gen- 
erally well understood ; it really partakes more of the properties of a 
seed, for, when in the act of vegetating it sends down into the soil roots, 
and into the air a living stem, and the matter contained in the bulb 
decomposes and nourishes the young plant, while the seed decays in 
giving birth to the plant ; but the bulb is renewed, and from the roots 
another bulb is composed which appears to be the same one planted, 
yet it is its offspring, and the offsets or young bulbs are its suckers, and 



108 EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER, 

are distinct from the parent bulb. Thus like the myth of the Phenix 
springing from the ashes of the parent bulb, the offspring is formed. 
This formation is readily seen in the Gladiolus and the Crocus. 

The rarely beautiful Lilies which have been imported from Japan are 
great additions to the list of summer flowers. They are shaped like the 
old-fashioned Tiger Lily, always seen in old gardens, but entirely surpass 
it in the beauty of their coloring. 

They were first treated as " stove plants," and did not show forth their 
glories, but now they will survive the coldest northern winter with a 
slight covering of leaves, and have proved themselves indispensable. 

They grow readily in any good soil, but like all other flowers, will 
repay their cultivator if supplied with a rich, loamy soil, mixed with 
sandy peat; this is their native soil, and they will produce many more 
flowers upon one stalk if attention is paid to their wants. They require 
much moisture when in flower, and if the season is very hot and dry, 
will bloom much longer if mulched with moist manure. 

We are indebted to the enterprising and scientific traveler. Dr. Siebold, 
for the introduction of the Japan Lilies to our gardens. 

Lilium speciosum has been thus described : — " The clear, deep rose- 
color of its petals are all rugged with rubies and garnets, sparkling with 
crystal points. Indeed, the diamond bouquets, the Queen of Spain's 
jewels, and even the far-famed Koh-i-noor itself, must pale their ineffec- 
tual tires, when compared with this gorgeous flower. The jeweler who 
wishes to produce a most exquisitely tasteful, as well as dazzling and 
brilliant ornament, should take one of these Lilies as his model." 

Lilium lancifolium album has pure white flowers ; sometimes the 
lower part of the petals are washed with violet. 

Lilium lancifolium punctatum has flowers of a flesh color, with spots 
of delicate rose. 

Lilium lancifolium rubrum possesses very large flowers of rose-color, 
suffused with carmine, and purplish colored papilla. 

Lilium longiflorum is a very beautiful species, growing nearly two 
feet high, and producing from one to five flowers, according to the size 
of the bulb ; the flowers are of a pure, waxy white, trumpet shaped, and 
from six to eight inches long. It blooms early in July, while the above- 
named varieties do not bloom u.ntil August. 

Lilium eximium is another handsome variety, resembling L. longi- 
florum, but the flowers are larger and their color is of a satinsr whiteness. 



EVERY \V03IAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 109 

Liliuni Brownii possesses many of the characteristics of the two pre- 
ceding-, but the outside of the flower is striped with deep brownish- 
violet lines. 

All these Lilies will grow and blossom luxuriantly for several weeks. 
They increase rapidly by small bulbs below the soil, and it is well to 
remove them every autumn, and plant them separately. Thus treated, 
they Avill often bloom the second season. The small bulbs should be 
planted in a light, sandy soil, and covered two inches deep. The soil 
should not be made too rich with manure, as it tends to rot the bulbs. 
A Double Japan Lily has been produced, but as yet the bulbs are very 
rare and high priced. 

And Mr. Fortune has introduced from China, Lilium tigrinum For- 
tunei, which is remarkable for its vigorous growth, and its immense 
cluster of flowers which branch out in three successive series from the 
main stem, thus prolonging its season of bloom. 

Another novelty is Lilium tigrinum splendens, introduced by M. Van 
Houtte, which resembles the Fortune! in many respects, but differs from 
it in color, and has more prominent spots on the perianth. Both of 
them are considered gorgeous additions to the family of bulbous 
plants. 

LiHum auratum is styled the " Queen of the Japanese Lilies." To its 
perfect form and rare coloring, it adds the most delicious fragrance. 
Its blossoms are very large, and each petal is decorated with a golden 
band running through its center. It is perfectly hardy, and often pro- 
duces from fifteen to twenty-five blossoms on a single stalk. Good 
flowering bulbs are now held at a low price. It flowers in August, 
but by planting in pots its time of blossoming can be forestalled. Like 
the other Lilies, it delights in a sandy loam. The Japan Lilies make 
fine lawn plants. If planted in a circular bed, with the tallest in the 
center, the effect is very pleasing. 

The Gladiolus, 

The Gladiolus has become the chief favorite among its class. Its 
name is deiived from its sword-shaped leaves; it possesses upwards of 
sixty species, divided by hybridization into an immense number of 
varieties. In nearly all the species the flowers retain the same form, but 
they differ in colorings and markings. These bulbs are mostly natives 
of Cape of Good Hope, Madagascar and Southern Africa. They will not 



110 EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

survive our northern climate, and must always be kept in a cool, dry 
place during the winter. 

In their native land, they bloom during the wet season, whiish shows 
us that they require a good supply of moisture to bloom in perfection in 
our dry, hot summers. 

These flowers were not much known until 1795, when the Cape 
Colony was ceded to England, and her botanists and collectors of rare 
plants seized upon them with delight. Since then they have become 
"Florists' Flowers," and their successful hybridizations have greatly 
increased their beauty and colorings. 

To grow the bulbs in perfection, they should be planted in a sandy 
loam, enriched with leaf mould and peat. A mixture of one-half loam, 
one-quarter peat, and one-quarter leaf mould will suit them perfectly. 

They may be planted in the open air during April or May. 

If strong manur<js are used in the soil, it causes the colors of the 
flowers to run into each other, and gives them a muddy appearance. 
The bulbs can be planted in groups or singly. Groups of three or five 
are the most usual way of planting them. They should be set from 
two to four inches deep, according to the size of the bulbs. As they 
grow up, they should be tied to a light stake, from three to four feet long. 

When the frost has killed the leaves, dig up the bulbs, dry them in 
the sun, cut off" the leaves an inch from the stem, and put the bulbs in 
a paper bag. Kept in a frost-proof cellar, they will retain all their life. 
From one bulb, two or three bulbs will spring ; they increase rapidly, 
and can be purchased cheaply. 

The high prices in the catalogues are no criterion of their beauty, but 
only mark them as "novelties." 

Many bulbs are held at four dollars a root, but that shows their 
scarcity. 

Low priced varieties will often please us quite as well, and are not 
surpassed by the colors of the " novelties." 

Among the most beautiful of the Gladiolus, are : — 

Belle Gabrielle, a perfectly shaped flower, fine lilac-colored rose, 
marked with a bright rose-color. 

Charles Dickens, delicate rose, tinted with chamois, striped with a 
rosy carmine. 

Comte de Morny, rosy scarlet fucked with rich crimson, lower petals 
shaded with crimson. 



EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. Ill 

Dr. Lindley, yery large flower of perfect shape, rose-color petals of a 
brighter shade, feathered with cherry-color; very showy. 

Lady Franklin, white, slightly tinged with rose, striped and blazed 
with carminate rose. 

La Fran^ais, flower pure white, and very large, with small bluish 
violet blotches ; very fine. 

Moliere, flower very large; a bright cherry-red with large, pure white 
stains. 

Mozart, bright rose, tinted with violet, blazed with dark carmine, with 
pure white stains ; a very beautiful variety. 

Koi Leopold, bright rose, tinged with orange, and stained with white. 

Stephenson, large flower, cherry-colored, striped with white lines; 
splendid spike of flowers. 

Stella, perfect shaped flower, white ground, slightly tinged with yel- 
low and rose; very brilliant and showy. 

Sir Walter Scott, very bright rose-color on a white ground, striped 
with carmine; very fine. 

Vicomtesse de Belleval, delicate blush, stained with violet. 

Good varieties can be purchased from $1.50 to $2.00 per dozen. 

Gladioli show to good advantage if planted around rose bushes, or 
among herbaceous perennials. They bloom late in the season, when 
most of these flowers are past, and if well trained to stakes, which should 
be set when the flower is planted, they will produce a charming eflfect. 
They make very nice house j)lants for window gardens; six or eight 
bulbs can be grown in a twelve-inch pot, and each kind tied to a thin 
stake. They will bloom finely. If the stalks are cut ofi" for vases or 
bouquets, they will continue to bloom for a week or two, sending forth 
fresh flowers daily. 

There is no bulbous root which gives a greater variety of colors in its 
flowers, or better repays the care and attention bestowed upon it. All 
lovers of flowers must cultivate a few of these desirable bulbs. 

The Dalilia. 
The great variety and beauty of its blossoms, and their profusion in 
the later summer and autumn, when many of our handsomest flowers 
are gone, make it well worthy of good culture. The Dahlia is a native 
of Mexico, and was found by Baron Humboldt growing on the elevated, 
sandy plains of Mexico, five thousand feet above the level of the sea. 



Il2 EVERY WOIfAJV HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

He gatnered the seeds and sent tliem to the Abbe Cavanilles, Professor 
of Botany at the Eoyal Garden of Madrid, who succeeded in flowering 
a plant in October, 1789, to Avhieh he gave the name of Dahlia pinnata, 
in honor of Dahl, a Swedish botanist, a pupil of Linnaeus. Objections 
were made to this name because it resembled Dalea, a name given to an 
entirely different plant, in honor of Dale, an Englishman. Professor 
Wildenow, in his " Species Plantarura," calls it Georgina, after Georgi, 
a Eussian botanist. De Candolle and other eminent writers adopted 
that title; but the original name was the favorite, and still exists. In 
1790, the Marchioness of Bute received some seeds from Spain, which 
flowered finely, but not knowing how to treat the tubers in the winter, 
the plants were lost. In 1804, Lady Ilolland sent seeds to M. Buonainti, 
a practical gardner'and skillful botanist; he cultivated them successfully, 
and from those seeds almost all the various kinds of Dahlias have sprung. 

De Candolle obtained seeds, and in 1810 he describes only five varie- 
ties of Variabilis, and three of Frustranea ; but he had no double flower. 

The first double Dahlia was sent from Stuttgard to Mons. Von Otto, 
who raised one similar, in the Eoyal Garden at Berlin, in 1809. He 
labored patiently to improve the varieties, and by 1816 had three more 
double flowers; but not until 1820 could he show six double flowering 
kinds. Now they are counted by the hundreds and thousands ; and it 
would seem as if there were no limits to the improvement of it. Mr. 
Paxton asks, " Who would have supposed, that from one comparatively 
insignificant plant, such endless, innumerable, beautiful varieties could 
have been produced ; and what may we not anticipate ? It is not un- 
reasonable to expect still a greater improvement. May we not have com- 
binations of those clear, rich, and exquisitely beautiful colors for which 
the Tulip has been so long admired ? Perhaps, ere long, our fancy may 
be gratified by seeing Dahlias with the shades of black and white associ- 
ated in the same flower ; and the popular taste may be also gratified 
with globular shaped flowers." 

A blue Dahlia was the ne plus ultra for which the florists strove, and 
many watered their young seedlings with an infusion of indigo, hoping 
thereby to give the desired cerulean hue. 

Mons. de Candolle considers yellow and blue to be the fundamental 
types of colors in flowers, and that they are antagonistic, i. e., mutually 
exclude each other; the blue flowers can by cultivation be changed into 
all shades of red, purple and white, while the yellow will pass into the 



EV^ERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 113 

same shades, but never into bine. For many years the Dahlia showed 
only the shades of purple and crimson, and it was not belieyed that any 
other color could be produced. A pure white flower at length was 
produced, and caused a great sensation ; and the yellow was greeted 
with much delight. The growing of Dahlias was a passion in England 
and the United States, twenty years ago; and new varieties were much 
sought for. Large sums of money were paid for them. 

The Liliputian or Pompone Dahlias are very lovely for bouquets and 
vases. The flowers are of the desired globular shape, and each petal is 
perfectly cupped and tinted. They grow about eighteen inches to two 
feet high, and are desirable for the smallest garden. Some of the flowers 
are no larger than a Ranunculus; the plant is perfectly covered Avith 
buds and flowers that produce a charming effect. 

Dahlias will grow in almostany kind of soil, excepting wet, heavy clay 
loam ; but a moderately rich, light loam is the best. A clear, open location, 
well exposed to the sun, is indispensable for the finest blooms. They 
grow finely on the southwestern side of a fence, making a hedge of 
unsurpassed beauty. The plants should be set three feet apart; if grown 
en masse, they should have as much room as that, and they will grow 
so bushy, that at a little distance, they will appear closely grouped. As 
borderings on each side of a walk, they show to great advantage, and can 
be planted once in two and a half feet. 

Dahlias can be trained by pegging down the tender shoots, so that 
they will cover a bed; the branches must be pegged down as the plants 
grow, until the bed is entirely covered, and will present an uniform mass 
of flowers and foliage. Plants for this purpose should be set only two 
feet apart. Some train them in the espalier form, by allowing three or 
four stems to grow from each root, laying them diagonally on both sides, 
and filling up the center with the lateral shoots. 

These flowers are propagated by seeds, division of the tubers, and by 
cuttings. Few, but experienced florists, succeed in growing them in 
the last-named manner, but all of us can raise them from the two for- 
mer. It is no more work to grow a Dahlia than a potato. 

Keeping DcMias through the Winter. 

The tubers need not be dug up until just before the ground freezes ; 
then remove them to a dry out-house for a day or two to dry off". Don't 
break the tubers apart, but cut the stem down to within a few inches 
8 



114 EVERY W03IAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

of them, and use it as a handle by Avhicli to lift them. All the flowering 
stems of another season are situated on or near the point of junction 
between the tubers and the stem. When they are so dried that the soil 
will all shake off, pack them in barrels or boxes and fill up Avith sand 
that has been dried in the sun especially for them. If you put them in 
damp sand they will decay. After they are carefully packed, put them 
in a dry cellar — frost-proof, and they will come out in March and April 
fresh and vigorous. In planting them, it is considered best to set out 
the cluster of tubers, and after the shoots have sprouted two or three 
inches, to separate them, leaving two shoots to a tuber. "When planted 
out into the border, put the root at least three inches under ground, 
and water carefully, shading from the sun for two or three days. A 
stake must be inserted close by the stem when the tuber is planted, and 
as the shoots advance, tie them to it. If placed there after the plant is 
growing, you may injure the roots. 

It is from seeds alone that new varieties spring. They should be 
sown early in the spring, in shallow boxes in a window or hot-bed, in a 
rich, light soil, with a good sprinkling of sand ; as soon as the third and 
fourth leaves are well developed, plant them in two-inch pots, or in boxes 
three inches apart ; shade them from the light for two days or so, as the 
seedlings are very tender. They can be planted into the border when all 
danger of frost is past; and if the soil is enriched with well-rotted cow- 
manure, the blooms will be finer. Until the buds show their coloring, 
there is no way of ascertaining it with certainty, though plants with 
pure green stems will usually produce white flowers, those with reddish- 
brown stems the darkest colored flowers, and those with light brown 
stems, pale or blush-colored flowers. Such plants as are not handsome 
should be pulled up, as soon as the flowers have fully shown their char- 
acter; and give more room for the beautiful ones to grow in. 

If the finest blooms are desired, the side branches should all be 
pinched off, and only the three or four strongest shoots allowed to gro^v , 
and on these the buds must be thinned out, leaving only three or four 
to come to perfection. The hot sun is injurious to the more delicate 
shades, and careful cultivators suspend an oiled paper, to protect their 
rare plants from it, also from heavy, drenching rains. 

Soapsuds make an excellent fertilizer, and it is well to give the roots 
a thorough drenching with it, at least once a week. Much of the suc- 
cess in growing fine Dahlias depends upon training them carefully, and 



EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 115 

fastening the shoots with soft yarn to the stake every few days. By pro- 
tecting from the first frosts, the blossoms may be prolonged late into the 
autumn, after the death of most flowers of the garden, and if gathered 
and kept in fresh water, the flowers will last a fortnight, or even longer. 

A select list of varieties : — 

America, raised by Mr. Gerhard Schmitz, of Philadelphia, who has 
been very successful in producing fine varieties ; white ground, striped 
and splashed with rosy-crimson, perfect globular shade, and cupped 
petals. Eeceived first prize from Pennsylvania Horticultural Society. 

Amazon, scarlet margins, yellow center. 

Alba multiflora, pure white. 

Ali Baba, deep scarlet. 

Amorette, light rose, edged with lilac. 

Antiope, buff, shaded with carmine. 

Autumn Glow, orange-salmon, buflf edge. 

Bird of Passage, white, tipped with carmine. 

Colossus, large yellow. 

Carnation striped, buff", striped with crimson and lilac. 

Charivari, yellow striped and blotched with carmine. 

Conqueror of the whites, purest white. 

Duchess of Cambridge, pink, edged with crimson. 

Ebene, rosy-buff, mottled with white. 

Gem, scarlet, tipped with white. 

Glowing Coal, crimson-scarlet. 

Hebe, white, edged with yellow, tipped with red. 

Koh-i-noor, canary-yellow. 

Maude, white, tipped with lilac. 

Muriilo, salmon, shaded lilac and carmine. 

Gullet Parfait, buff, striped with scarlet. 

Queen Mab, scarlet tipped with white. 

Striata, lilac, striped with maroon. 

Talisman, rose, striped with crimson. 

Tiger, maroon-purple. 

Startler, maroon, tipped with white. 

Select List of Liliputian or Pompone Dahlias. 

Arndt, magenta, with brown stripes and spots. 
Alba Floribunda nana, pure white, very dwarf. 



110 EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

Black Diamond, maroou. 
Guiding Star, pure wliite, fimbriated. 
Exquisite, rich golden yellow, tipped with scarlet. 
Kind and True, straw-color, tipped with purple. 
Little Nj'mpli, white, shaded with rose. 
Little Kate, dark crimson. 
Little Willie, richest deep pink. 
Little Agnes, brightest of scarlets. 
Little Dear, blush, marbled, with white. 

Little Herman, the finest Liliput Dahlia in cultivation; cherry-pinK, 
tipped with white. 

Otto Weilbacher, yellow, striped with scarlet. 
Rachel, salmon, tipped with crimson. 
Rose of Gold, finest vermillion. 
Tansenblitz, deep maroon, shaded with rose. 
Utz, dark maroon. 

Tuberoses. 

One of the most beautiful of all the summer-flowering bulbs, and 
unequaled in fragrance by any flower that grows. The flowers are in 
much request upon all festive occasions, and are also in use for funeral 
wreaths, crosses, etc. It is said that a million of roots are grown about 
the environs of New York, and they can be purchased from a single 
flower, with a scented leaf of geranium, to immense dishes or baskets of 
them, arranged with other flowers. Fifty flowers have been raised on a 
single stem, but from sixteen to twenty is the average number. The 
bulbs never bloom but once, but numerous small offsets form round 
the parent root, which, if kept over winter in a dry place, not less than 
fifty degrees in temperature, will bloom in two years. In latitudes north 
of New York city, the bulbs must be started early in March, to bloom 
before the frost touches them. There are fcAv plants grown in the gar- 
den which give more perfect satisfaction. 

The Double Tuberose is considered the most desirable flower, but the 
single possesses the same delicious perfume, and blooms earlier than the 
double. A new variety, with variegated leaves striped with light yellow, 
is admired for its novelty. They bloom best in a sandy soil, well en- 
riched with concentrated manures; Guano water, prepared as before 
described, will hasten their flowering, and increase the number of buds. 



EVEBY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 117 

It can be given twice a week, if the bulbs are in the open ground or in 
large boxes. 

The Tigridia. 

The Tiger-flower, or Tigridia, is a very showy Mexican bulb, growing 
about eighteen inches high ; its flowers are four inches in diameter, and 
of most gorgeous coloring, and curious form. They require the same 
culture as the Gladiolus ; will not live out of doors in cold latitudes. 
There are as yet but four or five varieties, which bloom from July to 
October. 

T. pavonia, scarlet, spotted and tipped with yellow. 

T. conchiflora, orange and yellow, with black spots. 

T. conchiflora grandiflora, lemon-color, spotted with crimson. 

T. speciosa, orange, with deep, maroon-colored spots. 

Amaryllis formosissima. 

The Jacobean Lily, or Amaryllis formosissima, is a dwarf-growing 
plant, and each bulb will usually produce two flowers of the richest 
crimson-violet hue, and of remarkably beautiful form ; the flowers have 
six petals, three erect and reflexed, and three drooping, giving the flower 
a jDeculiarly graceful appearance. If planted early, in the house or hot- 
bed, it will bloom in June or July. The bulbs must be preserved like 
those of the Tigridia. 

Vallota Purpurea Superla. 

This plant is of the easiest culture, and no summer flowering bulb 
surpasses it in richness of coloring. It is a native of the Cape of Good 
Hope ; and its leaves do not die down after the flowering season, so it 
cannot be packed away like other bulbs, but must be kept at rest in the 
earth, in a dry state. The leaves are flat and of a rich green, and spread 
out like a fan. The flower stalk rises about a foot in height, and bears 
a cluster of from six to eight scarlet, lily-shaped flowers. The bulbs 
are increased by numerous offsets, which will bloom in three years, at 
the latest. Botanists class this flower with the genus Amaryllis, and it 
is called in some books Amaryllis speciosa ; but it is more commonly 
known as Valotta purpurea, though there is no shade of purple about it, 
for the flowers are of the brightest scarlet, with bright yellow stamens 
and anthers. The bulbs can be planted out in the open border, and 
repotted when the frost comes. It is such a showy and elegant plant, 
that it should be cultivated by all who delight in Flowering Bulbs. 



118 EVERT W03IAN BEE OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

Tritoma Uvaria Grandiflora. 

This is a splendid plant, with a magnificent spike of rich orange-red 
flowers; from its glowing color it has been called " Eed Hot Poker." 
It will bloom freely in any good garden soil, and is hardy in the latitude 
of New York city, but farther north, the roots require to be kept in sand 
during the winter. The flower-stem will often grow from four to five 
feet in height, and it produces a very fine eflect. To bloom before the 
frost, they require to be started in March or April, and should not be 
planted out until there is settled warm weather. 

The Summer Flowering Bulbs form a distinct class of flowers, and 
will, of themselves, make a gloriously gorgeous garden, requiring but 
little attention, as their bulbous roots do not usually demand the fre- 
quent waterings that annuals and bedding-out plants must have in this 
hot, dry climate. These bulbs, with the exception of the Lilies which 
head the chapter, must be housed in the winter, in cold climates ; but 
our southern sisters can plant them out, and they will only ask to be 
removed to new quarters, as their offspring multiply and crowd them 
out. 

The florists' catalogues offer them all at small cost, and it is impossible 
for those who have not feasted their eyes upon their glowing beauties, to 
even imagine their glories ! 



CHAPTER XVIT. 



Old Fashioned Floweks. 

"O, Father, Lord I 
The All-beneflcent ! I bless thy name, 
That thou hast mantled the green earth with flowers, 
Linking our hearts to nature I The old man's eye 
Falls on the kindling blossoms, and his soul 
Remembers youth and love, and hopefully 
Turns unto Thee, who call'st earth's buried germs 
From dust to splendor; as the mortal seed 
Shall, at thy summons, from the grave spring up, 
To put on glory, to be girt with power, 
And flll'd with immortality." 

" Common in old country gardens," is the term we often hear applied 
to flowers that are a little old-fashioned ; yet to many hearts they are 
very dear. Not all the boasted glories of Verbenas, Colens, Achyranthus, 
and all the newer kinds of bedding-out plants can wean us from the 
flowers our grandmothers loved to cherish. Their colors, markings and 
veinings may be far surpassed by the flowers of the present day, yet 
loved hands once tended them ; bright eyes grew brighter at the sight 
of them ; and they are associated with all that is holy, pure, and of good 
report. Who does not like to remember the days of childhood, when 
the gathering of old-fashioned flowers in grandmothei''s garden was one 
of the highest pleasures of life ? Cowper says, that " it is a pity that a 
kitten should ever become a staid, old cat," and there certainly are indi- 
viduals who are tempted to wish that they had ever continued to be 
children. Do you remember the delicious fragrance of the white Lilac 
bushes that grew beside the door step, at the old farm house, and the 
handsful of Lilies of the Valley, that you used to gather under the old 



120 EVERY WOMAN EER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

pear trees, beside the garden beds, where grew Sweet Eocket, Violets, 
Columbines, SpiderAvort, Fleur de Lnce, Daffodils, Sweet Williams, 
Grilliflowers, Larkspurs, Lychnis, and Nasturtiums, bright as butter- 
flies? To be sure you do, and never Avill forget them while memory 
serves to furnish pictures for the mind's eye to view. Perhaps you 
gathered them to adorn a fair sister, when she gave her hand to the lover 
whom all considered tried and true ; or, with fast dropping, blinding 
tears, they Avere plucked to wither in the chilling embrace of the reaper, 
Death, who had gathered the fairest flower of the hearthstone — the 
dearly loved baby — the youngest of the home circle ! All these associ- 
ations, and hundreds of others, are linked to the " old-fashioned flowers " 
of the past; so let us make room for them in the garden, and cherish 
them fondly for the sake of those who once loved them so well. 

I have a great fondness for the older annuals and hardy perennials, 
which are now too often despised and neglected; many of them are cer- 
tainly more beautiful than those which are so much praised. 

A well-pruned " SnoAvball," in full bloom, is surely a thing of beauty! 
And I am certain that there are many discarded flowers which wouK 
amply repay cultivation. 

The tendency of the age is to run after all that is rare and new, anl 
to neglect that which CA'ery one possesses, forgetting the divine command 
to the chief of apostles, not to despise anything that God had made, no* 
to esteem it common. The first Dandelion possesses a great charm tc 
me, is ahvays gathered, and kept in water as long as a trace of its beauty 
remains. If it were a rare Japanese or Chinese novelty, hoAv we shoulc 
cherish it! but, no, it groAvs commonly by the road side, and in ever} 
pasture, so we pass it by. 

There is no sweeter flower than the old, neglected Wall-floAver, yet 
who cultiA'ates it now? A recent Aviiter says: "These old-f\ishioned 
flowers have a sweet fragrance which does not belong to modern faA'or- 
ites ; and howcA^er much the last may delight us, they do not make us 
call to mind those delightful passages of our older poets that made our 
imaginations paint scenes of simple rural, floral beauty and loveliness 
that no artistic pencil can realize; but these 'old ladies' floAvers,' or 
* flowers of the poets,' often unveil to us some lovely picture or scene 
that long since, in our earlier readings, Ave had painted in the chambers 
of our heart, and from which memory, thus assisted, remoA'es a pile of 
rubbish that had well nigh buried it in obli\ion." 



EVERY WOMAK HER OWi\ FLOWER GARDENER. 121 

So we plead for the " flowers of tlie poets." They are all of easy cul- 
tivation, requiring little care, and blooming in endless profusion and 
beauty, aiid possessing a charm and loveliness fully equal to those which 
their modern sisters lay claim to. 

To be sure the Tiger Lily, which was supposed to be the 

" Emblem of human pride that fades away, 
Of earthly joy that blooms but to decay,"' 

has been forced to feel the truth of the lines, and vacate its high estate 
for the more beauteous families imported from Japan; but the Holly- 
hock, of whom it was said, 

" How high his haughty honor holds his head," 

has grown in elegance and gorgeousuess of coloring, and has attained 
to tne front rank among "florists' flowers." And the Aster and the 
Balsam have increased in beauty, and now take precedence of most other 
annuals; and the Gilliflower, like a real friend, attends us through all 
the vicissitudes and alterations of a century, even growing more beauti- 
ful. But the Marigold is almost superseded by its more brilliant sister, 
Tagetes signata pumila, which, in spite of its high-sounding name, is 
nothing but a single Marigold. 

But if we read the seedsmen's catalogues attentively, we shall find the 
seeds of all of these "old-fashioned flowers" advertised, and can supply 
ourselves with a goodly show of them. 



OHAPTEK XYin 



Vegetables — "What shall tte Plaint? Hot-bed — Its 
CuLTrRE, etc. 

The changes wiiicli the art of the florist has produced in double and 
variegated flowers, are not to be compared with the eflects of cultivation 
on vegetables which have been for ages man's peculiar property. In 
their wild state, they are now scarcely recognizable. 

From the Colewort, whose scanty leaves do not weigh half an ounce, 
come the sixty pound cabbages which are often seen in the markets. 
From a small, bitter root, comes the potatoes, Early Eose and Peerless, 
which exhibit the wondrous changes which have been wrought in them. 
And so on to the end of the catalogue of vegetables ! What encourage- 
ment do not these facts afford to the cultivator who desires to make 
improvements in some classes of vegetables. If he is a benefactor to his 
race who can make two blades of grass grow in the place of one, surely 
he is one who gives to us a '•' Trophy " Tomato or a Brezee's " Peerless I " 

Leigh Hunt, speaking of vegetables, says: — 

" What a perpetual reproduction of the marvelous is carried on by 
nature, and how utterly ignorant we are of the causes of the least and 
most disesteemed of the commonest vegetables ; and what a quantity of 
life and beauty, and mystery, and use, and enjoyment is to be found in 
them, composed out of all sorts of elements, and shaped as if by the 
hands of fairies ! What workmanship, with no apparent workman I 
What consummate elegance, though the result is but a radish or an 
onion ! " 

The care and oversight of the vegetable as well as the flower garden, 
frequently devolves upon women, and as it costs no more time and 



EVERT WOMAN HER OWX FLOWER GARDENER. 123 

labor to grow the most choice kinds, I propose to give a selection of the 
varieties which are the best for home culture. 

The seedsmen's catalogues present us with numerous varieties, which 
appear quite bewildering, but I have long cared for home vegetables, and 
have learned what are the most desirable for my table. 

In buying your seeds, do not depend upon those purchased from 
peddlers' carts, or from country stores ; they are not so certain to be pure 
and fresh. Seeds from selected stocks are far superior to those gathered 
at hap-hazard from fields and gardens. So be sure, and pro\'ide yourself 
with a catalogue from a reliable source, and send thither for all you may 
desire. 

Asparagus heads the list of early vegetables; it is almost the first 
green thing to show itself in the sj^ring. Conover's Colossal is very 
superior to the common kinds; it will frequently send up from twenty 
to twenty-five stalks, as large as a man's thumb, from one plant. But it 
requires high culture, and much room to do this. The plants should 
be set three to four feet apart each way, and be thoroughly manured, 
and salted in November. Early in March and April, the soil should be 
stirred up with a three-pronged iron hand-fork. Thus treated, you can 
grow Asparagus as fine as any seen in Fulton market, New York. 

Bush Bea7is. 

The Newington Wonder and the Eefugee have been my dependence ; 
but last season I tried the Dwarf Wax — a waxen-yellow, stringless pod, 
and consider it far ahead of any other kind for table use. It makes a 
delicious dish — nearly equal to green peas. Among Pole Beans, the 
Lima is not surjmssed by any other kind; but in northern New England 
the summers are too short to grow it in perfection, so I substitute the 
Dutch Case-knife, which is hardy and productive. Butter Beans are 
also very good, making the best succotash of any kind of Bean. 

Giant Wax Beans will keep up the supply of string beans until frost 
comes ; their waxy yellow, succulent pods, if stripped up in small bits, 
and boiled two hours, will provide a most excellent dish for the table, 
for many weeks. 

Beets. 

Early Flat Bassano has been the earliest variety grown ; but the Dark 
Red Egj-ptiau Beet has proved to be ten days earlier than any other. 
Its color is of the deepest red, and its flavor delicious. 



124 EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

The Swiss Chard, or Sea-Kale Beet, is a very desirable vegetable, as its 
leaves can be boiled for greens all the season. The thick, white midribs 
of the leaves are said to be a good substitute for Asparagus. If cut fre- 
quently, the leaves keep shooting up afresh until autumn. 

Catdiflower. 

The best early variety is the Early Erfurt, a compact, dwarf kind. 
Le Normand is of much larger growth, and later in blooming. 

These vegetables should have a place in every garden, and it is vastly 
superior to the cabbage. Dr. Johnson, of literary fame, pronounced it 
the finest flower that ever bloomed. 

Cabbage. 

The Early Jersey Wakefield is considered the best among the early 
kinds, as it rarely fails to head. Early Winningstadt is the best for 
intermediate use; and the Premium Flat Dutch is considered unequaled 
for winter use. The Green Globe Savoy is the most tender, and the 
finest flavored, as a general rule ; the larger the head of cabbage, the 
coarser is its flavor. 

Be sure and plant some cabbages for winter salad. They are unsur- 
passed for this purpose, and are far more nutritious if eaten uncooked. 

Cticumbers. 
Early Eussian Cluster is the earliest kind one can grow ; but their 
flavor is not equal to the Early White Spine, and the pickles made from 
the latter, are superior. The Long Green Prickly is the firmest and 
best flavored ; but will not be ready for the table as soon as the others. 

Celery. 

This vegetable demands more attention. It can be easily raised by 
growing in rows, and blanching in ridges, if trenching is too much 
trouble. 

Incomparable Dwarf White is the first; of a very dwarf habit, and 
solid. Boston Market is very fine ; White Solid is also desirable for its 
large size, and crisp, fine flavor. 

Carrots. 
One must have a bed of these for seasoning soups, and for the feathery 
green leaves to mingle with dishes of flowers, and vases. 



EVERT WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 125 

Bliss' Improved Long Orange is a great improvement on tlie older 
kinds ; is better flavored, and of the richest color. Large White Belgian 
is fine for those who like the vegetable served like squashes. 

Corn. 

Farmei-'s Club Sweet possesses a delicious flavor; very tender and 
sweet. 

Moore's Early Concord Sweet is a new variety, obtained from crossing 
Ci'osb/s Early with Burr's Improved, and is said to be unsurpassed by 
any other kind, either early or late. Trimble's Sugar is a very fine 
variety for late purposes. 

Egg Plant. 
Pekin New Black is a variety from China, which grows to the height 
of two feet, with very ornamental foliage; the fruit weighs from three 
to six pounds; it is very prolific, and of delicious flavor, decidedly 
superior to any other kind known. Seed must be sown in a hot-bed, in 
cold climates. 

Kohl Rabi, or Turnip-rooted Cabbage. 
This vegetable is a cross between a Turnip and a Cabbage in its flavor* 
and makes a nice dish. The Early White Vienna is the best variety. 

Lettuce. 
The Early Curled Simpson is the best for spring use, and is largely 
grown in the neighborhood of New York. The Large Curled India is 
better for later use ; it does not run to seed so quickly as other kinds, 
and will bear the sun better. The Green Paris Cos is the best of these 
varieties. Dickson's "All the Year Eound " is a valuable novelty. 

Melons. 

Skillman's Fine Netted takes first rank; and for later use, the White 
Japan, Pine Apple and Green Citron are the best. 

Black Spanish Water Melon is of a thin rind, and rich flavor. Moun- 
tain Sprout is a larger and later variety. 

The Long Persian, imported by Bayard Taylor, is a great acquisition 
to the middle and southern States; is very large and of the most deli- 
cious flavor. 

Joe Johnston Water Melon is also very desirable at the south; its 
flesh is deep red, and remarkably rich. 



126 EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

Ohra. 
The Improved Dwarf Green is better for home culture than the com- 
mon variety usually grown ; it is also earlier, and is equally productive. 
The green pods of this vegetable are used in making the famous " Gumbo" 
of the southern States ; and are always desirable for every kind of soup. 

Onions. 
Yellow Dan vers has long held first rank for family use; but now the 
seedsmen oflFer us rare imported varieties from Italy. Early White Naples 
is a distinct variety, of mild flavor ; often the bulbs will weigh a pound ; 
white skins, and very tender. New Giant Eocca, of Naples, has a brown 
skin, delicate flavor, and bulbs were exhibited in England which weighed 
three and a half pounds. Large Italian Red Tripoli, flavor mild and 
pleasant; bulbs have grown to weigh two and a half pounds. 

Peas. 
Landreth's Extra Early is said to be the earliest for garden use, and 
the best, Philadelphia Extra Early is also desirable ; but with some 
seedsmen only another name for Landreth's. Little Gem is very dwarf, 
and of fine flavor; grows only one foot high. Hundred-fold, or Cook's 
Favorite, is a first-class variety; early, and very prolific. Laxton's 
Supreme is the earliest wrinkled pea, and has the largest pods of any 
kind. The Champion is a late variety, but very luxuriant, and much 
the best family sort raised. 

ParsnijJS. 

A new variety of these vegetables, called the Student, is much sweeter, 
and pleasanter in flavor, than the older kinds. 

Potatoes. 
Early Rose is as yet unsurpassed for table purposes, both in its early 
ripening, and its prolificness. Peerless is decidedly the best late potato 
in cultivation ; grows a very large size, is of pearly whiteness, and very 
delicious flavor; it surely is the we plus ultra of Potatoes. Jersey 
Peach Blows are always good, but do not yield so plentifully. 

Peppers. 

Sweet Mountain Peppers should be grown in every garden, to flavor 
the pickles. Large Bell are early and not as acrid as other kinds. 

Cayenne are quite small, cone-shaj)cd, coral-red when ripe. Good for 
pepper sauce. 



EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 137 

Radishes. 
Of the Early Turnip-rooted varieties, the Scarlet olive-shaped and 
the White Turnip-rooted are the best. The Long Scarlet Short Top, 
and the Long White Naj^les, are the most desirable of the long-rooted 
sorts. The Eose-colored Chinese is good for winter forcing. 

Spinach. 
This vegetable comes so early that every garden should have a bed of 
it. The Flanders is the most desirable kind, its leaves are the largest 
and the most succulent. The New Zealand Spinach thrives best during 
the heat of summer. 

Sweet Potatoes. 
The Nansemond has been the best kind to cultivate at the north ; but 
the Queen of the South is now considered its superior. 

Squashes. 

The summer varieties are the Scolloped Bush and the Crook Neck. 
Of the winter, the Boston Marrow is the best early sort. Yokohama is 
also good; but the Hubbard excels them all, and if kept in a dry place 
will not decay until June. 

Tomatoes. 

General Grant, Charter Oak, Crimson Cluster, and the Tilden have 
been held in high esteem ; but last year the Trophy exceeded them all, 
and is expected to hold the first rank. The White Apple Tomato is of 
very delicious flavor, and desirable to be eaten raw. 

Turni2}s. 

The Eed Top Strap-leaved, and the White Strap-leaved are the best 
white-fleshed turnips, either for early summer or winter purposes. 

Among the yellow-fleshed, Robertson's Golden Ball, and Early Yellow 
Finland are considered the finest grained, and the most delicate flavored. 

Sweet Herls. 

A bed of Sage, Sweet Marjoram, Lavender and Caraway must not be 
forgotten; all of them will grow readily from seeds, if sown in beds of 
well-prepared garden soil. The seeds are so small, that they will not 
grow unless the earth is very finely pulverized. 

Excepting in the middle and southern States, a hot-bed is required to 
etart early plants, both for flower and vegetable gardens. 



128 EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

Boxes in tlie kitclien windows will do their work, but a liot-bed is by 
all odds tlie easiest method of forcing- plants for early vegetables. 

Directio7is for Mahing and Planting a Hot-heel. 

Horse mannre is the best for this purpose, because its heating proper- 
ties are more intense; cow manure will do, but the growth of the plants 
will not be as rapid. For a week before using it, turn it over every two 
or three days, and if the sun is not hot enough to cause it to ferment, 
pour 2)ailsful of hot water over it, the first time it is stirred \x^ ; the next 
time throw out all the coarsest part of the litter. When the whole heap 
smokes like a river on a frosty morniug, it is ready for use. 

Select a southeastern exposure, where the north wind will not strike 
upon it; a board fence at the north is a good protection. Build up the 
manure two or three feet in depth, and from four to six inches longer 
and evader than the frame. This can be made of boards fastened tightly 
together, and should be higher at the back than in front, so that it Avill 
present a slanting surface. Set the frame securely into the manure, 
leaving enough outside to bank it up well from the frost. Add four to 
five inches of sandy loam, thoroughly pulverized. If it can be baked in 
the kitchen oven, and then sifted, it will be in a perfect condition, and 
no weeds will grow in it. Place the sashes over it, and let it heat up 
for two, three or four days, according to the warmth of the sun. Put 
your hand in to test the soil ; if it feels warm it is ready to receive the 
seeds. The glass is now-a-days fitted into side sashes, lapping at the 
edges, without transverse sash; one pane covers the other half an inch. 
This gives less shade upon the plants from the sashes. 

Have your papers of seeds in a basket, with little sticks split at the 
top to hold either the printed papers or written labels ; thus, when your 
seeds are up, you can tell an early or a late cabbage, tomato, etc. Also 
have a pan of common or scouring sand, well warmed in the oven. This 
is to scatter over the seeds, and it will make them grow more quickly 
than loam. 

Plant your seeds in regular rows, an inch, at least, apart. Thus 
l)lanted, you need not transplant all of them, some can grow in the bed 
all summer. Eadishes should be planted three inches apart. Scatter 
the warm sand over the seeds, water thoroughly with a fine rose sprink- 
ler, with warmish water; don't use cold at any time, always treat your 
plants to a slightly warm shower. Rain never falls chilly cold. 



EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 129 

When thoroughly wet, spread newspapers all over them, and for two 
or three days sprinkle the seeds every night through the newspapers. 
This keeps the soil moist, and the seeds will sprout very quickly. In 
two days lettuce will show itself; and as soon as the tiny seedlings are 
up, the papers must be removed directly, else they will damp off. 
Planting in sods has been recommended for those vegetables which, 
having a top root, would not transplant readily. I have tried it with 
great success, with melons and cucumbers. Sods can be cut from the 
orchard around the apple trees, or from the road sides. Put them grass 
side down in the hot-bed, and plant the seeds in the soil clinging to 
their roots. Cover them with sand. Water and shade with papers. 
Squashes, Corn and Egg plants can be planted in the same way. The 
sods can be put into, or near a window in the barn, and the seeds will 
sprout soon. To transplant, the sods can be cut into pieces, and the 
plants in them placed in the holes prepared for them. For Melons and 
Cucumbers, they should be made very rich with manure ; the grass will 
soon decay, and the vines will grow most rapidly. 

Transplantiiig. 
This should always be done after sunset. If the plants are removed 
at this time, they will never know that they have changed their quarters. 
I have transplanted tomatoes, peppers, lettuce, etc., after seven o'clock 
in the evening, and not a leaf has wilted the next day. Ehubarb leaves 
are excellent to cover young plants that are planted by daylight; they 
are a better protection from the sun than newspapers, as they wilt, and 
do not blow off. 

Care of Hot-bed. 

Any one can make and plant a hot-bed, but it requires more brains 
than a common laborer always possesses, to take care of one. One hour's 
neglect at noontime will scorch every tender plant; the same time, at 
night, may freeze it. Every morning, noon and night, it should be 
visited. If the night is chilly, cover it tightly with old carpets, mattings 
or boards ; and let them remain until the sun strikes clear and warm 
upon the sashes. If the morning air is warm, lift the glasses a little, 
and by noontime admit more air. Don't keep the plants so warm that 
they will spindle up — nor so cool that they will chill. You must exer- 
cise your common sense, and thereby learn to keep just the right heat; 
a little experience will soon teach you how to manage the sashes. The 
9 



130 EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

weeds mnst not be allowed to grow, and on a sunny day when the sashes 
can be removed, pull them all up. 

The Gardenei'^s Mo7it]ilij recommends the following plan for a minia- 
ture hot-bed, for raising slips in the summer time: "Get two or three 
boxL-s, eighteen inches long and ten or twelve inches wide, with a pane 
of glass to cover one exactly; have a hole dug deep enough, in a sunny 
location, to place the boxes in on a level with the ground, first taking 
off the bottoms of the boxes, and fitting one closely on to the other; 
fill up the first with fresh stable manure; in the second, place three or 
four inches of earth, allowing space enough between the earth and the 
top of the box to set in the pots and leave three or four inches of space 
above it; pour in a bucket of warm water, and set on the glass; let it 
ferment two or three days, then fill the flower pots with yellow or silver 
sand, and plant your cuttings; whitewash, or smear with whitening and 
water, the under side of the glass; set in the pots, and cover with the 
glass." 

Of course, some of the slips will die, and they will need to be watered 
daily and aired. I intend to try the process this season in raising plants 
for window gardening. 

A dry-goods box will make a good small hot-bed. Saw ofifthe side 
boards and the front one, so that the sash will slide in obliquely; put 
cleats on all sides to support the sash; sink two feet into the ground; 
fill up with fermenting manure and good sandy soil, and you will find 
it large enough to raise tomatoes and peppers, with a large supply of 
flower seeds and cuttings. An old window sash can do duty for the 
glass. A little ingenuity will help one greatly in making hot-beds out 
of little material. A good kitchen garden is a capital investment for 
every family. It requires labor and some brains to run it — but children 
will often supply the former, and the housewife must not lack the latter. 
It should not be left entirely to the mercies of Sambo or Patrick, unless 
they have been well trained in its culture. As I have said before, do 
not expect that women can do the hard work of a garden — but they 
can plant the seed, and pull the weeds — if they will not let them get 
the start early in the season. " One year's weeding maJces seven years' 
seeding,'' is an old but trite proverb. Hoe up the weeds when only 
three or four leaves at the most are visible, and the hot sun will kill 
them off. 



EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 131 

Men must take care of the paths, and prepare the soil. We, of the 
weaker sex, can surely do the rest — if we please so to do. One of the 
finest vegetable gardens I ever saw, was tended by a lady over sixty 
years of age, and so crippled, by an accident, that she could not walk 
without a crutch. Yet, she planted corn and cucumbers; beets and 
beans; potatoes and peppers; tomatoes and turnips; squashes and 
spinach ; and her garden was always ahead of all her neiglibors. She 
kept her beds without a weed, and her walks Aveie as hard as if rolled — 
no weed dared show its tiny head long enough to mar their surface. 
She was a lady, delicate, refined and lovely, and her flowers and straw- 
berries fully equaled her vegetables. Will not our fair sisters strive to 
imitate her example ? 



C LI AFTER XIX. 



Arrangement of Bouquets and Vases. 

Flowers in Clmrchcs. 

It has been said that a person must possess the " knack " — must 
have a taste, an eye for colors — in order to arrange flowers in bouquets, 
baskets, etc., artistically. And, doubtless, there is a great deal of truth 
\\\ tlie remark. One who does possess this " knack" can walk through 
a garden, gathering the flowers here and there, and arranging them 
with a perfect blending of color, which will result in a faultless bou- 
quet; while another, with the same flowers, fails utterly to produce a 
charming effect. So, one sees that the art of flower arranging is too 
fine and delicate to be reduced to rules. Yet, there are a few which 
may be of use to flower lovers who are not gifted with a truly artistic 
eye. All flowers will not mix readily, but are only seen in perfection 
when arranged by themselves. "Wild flowers will not mingle tastefully 
with their cultivated brethren, but must be arranged by themselves. A 
bouquet of Laurel is very beautiful; but mingle with it the coral and 
topaz bells of the Columbine and you spoil its effect. And Gentians, 
Azaleas, May-flowers, and last, but not least, the pearly white Water 
Lily, are seen to the best advantage when in clusters by themselves. 

Lilies of the Valley require only a background of their own green 
leaves, to show forth most charmingly their perfect beauty. Balsams 
can only be arranged in flat dishes, with a mingling of Kose Geranium 
leaves to add the fragrance which they lack. Sweet Peas, so soft and 
liquid in tint, with their exquisite rose colors, purple and browns, and 
pearly whites, are ruined if mingled with dazzling Geraniums or Verbe- 
nas. Put them in a tall stemmed glass, and cover them with the 



EVERY WOMAX HER OWN FLOWER GARDEXER. 133 

feathery mist of the Oliver, or Gjpsophila Muralis, then they will glow 
like a sun-set cloud at eve. 

Eoyal Lilies must be placed in tall vases or glasses, and Eoses blend 
perfectly with them, while Fuchsias will droop lovingly between them. 

Give Pansies and Anemones a tiny vase by themselves, and see 
how glorious they are. When you have a large basket of flowers to 
arrange, make a harmonious blending. Put the celestial blues of the 
Larkspurs beside the brilliant scarlets of the Verbenas and Geraniums; 
then add the snowy whiteness of some Phlox or Candytuft, and judge 
for yourself of the effectiveness of the tri-color. Yellow is very useful 
in the vivid arrangement of bouquets and vases. Place it beside the 
ruby-red Fuchsias, near to the royal purple Verbenas, and see how it 
enhances the brightness of their hues. Among the white Roses, min- 
gle pink Verbenas or Geraniums; and with royal purple add cream- 
colored Stocks or Roses ; then fill in with the neutral tints of the 
Mignonette, Ageratum, Heliotrope, etc., etc., — soft and sweet — and 
they will heighten the contrast of the more gorgeous hues, yet do not 
conflict with them. A Sofrano rose bud, a sprig of Mignonette, a Tube- 
rose, and a bit of scarlet Verbena, mingled with Heliotrope and sweet 
Verbena, and some feathery green leaves, make as perfect a bouquet as 
one can desire to see. 

If flowers could only pose themselves, it would be a great saving of 
trouble to many flower raisers — and doubtless the efiect would be very 
charming ; but this pleasure is denied to them, and our ignorant fingers 
put them hither and thither, often in most horrid contrasts and shad- 
ings. 

Remember this one rule — never put blue and purple together ; never 
let crimson and scarlet be in juxtaposition ; nor bright pink and scar- 
let. Arrange your flowers in shadings of the same color, or in contrasts, 
with a plentiful mixture of white and neutral tints. In shading flat 
dishes of flowers, place the darkest in the center and shade out to 
white. 

The present fashion among florists is to arrange bouquets, baskets, 
etc., so as to consume as many flowers as possible ; and the crowding 
together of such quantities produces stiff"ness and formality — where 
lightness and gracefulness should be especially sought for. 

The foliage belonging to each plant is, usually, the best adapted to 
its peculiar beauty. The Camellia, without its leaves, is a chilly, oold 



134 EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

flower,: but combined with its rich, glossy foliage, it produces a charm- 
ing effect. The contrast of their perfectly curved lines and their har- 
monious substance, reveal the pure beauty of the flower. 

Bouquets for the hand should not be composed of solid, heavy flowers, 
but of those of delicate structure, and of exquisite fragrance. Such 
bouquets naturally undergo close inspection, and they should consist of 
rare ferns and bright flowers, intermingled with those that are sweet as 
well as lovely. Always place the most gorgeous colors in the center of 
bouquet, vase or basket, and shade out into perfect whiteness, relieved 
by green foliage. 

If you desire to arrange a central piece for a dinner or supper table, 
at its base place the feathery leaves of ferns, lycopods, etc., and twine 
around the vase light, graceful vines. In the center arrange scarlet 
flowers, mingled with blue and white, and edge the vase with the veined 
leaves of the Ornamental Foliage Plants. These plants are very useful 
in arranging floral devices; they provide the snowy whiteness and the 
rich wine-red colors of flowers. 

Experience is the best teacher in directing us to arrange our flowers 
most advantageously. And we need to heed her teachings in every 
department of life. 

A lovely dish of flowers can be made out of soup, oyster and preserve 
plates. Take the largest sized deep plate your pantry will give, fill it 
with scouring sand, thoroughly wet; edge it with the leaves of some tri- 
colored Geranium, or with the bright-hued Achyranthus, mingled with 
some white flowers — Feverfew, Candytuft, or Sweet Alyssum will do — 
cover the stems with another soup plate, not so large, so that the floAvers 
and leaves will project beyond it; fill it as before directed, and edge it 
with some yellow flowers, Chlora, Oxura, Calceolaria — or any you can 
select. If the Geranium leaves were used_ before, mingle with these the 
wine-red leaves of the Variegated Plants. Proceed as before, and place 
on the edge of the dish bright blue Delphiniums, Blue Salvia, or the 
lovely Forget-Me-Not, mingled with sweet-scented Geranium leaves. 
In the center add a large cluster of scarlet Geraniums, Verbenas, etc., 
mingled with white flowers. A vase of Sweet Peas can crown the whole ; 
and over it all, mingle the misty Cliver or Gypsophila Muralis, whose 
soft veil I deem indispensable. The effect is truly artistic ! Purple 
flowers can be substituted for the blue, and you can make your own 
selection of colors and flowers. The fairy bells of the Fuchsias are very 



EVERY WOMAN HEti. OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 135 

lovely among the silvery-edged leaves. Tropaeolums mingle prettily 
with the darker leaves. 

A disli of flowers thus arranged will be "a thing of joy" for two or 
three days. The sand can be wet every day with tepid water. It will 
make a beautiful ornament for a dinner or supper table. Flowers are 
always delightful when arranged in the dining room. The wise man of 
Queen Elizabeth's court — the immortal Bacon — never sat at his table 
without flowers. In his " Essays," Leigh Hunt says : " What ornament 
is there — what supply of light or beauty could we discover, at once so 
exquisite and so cheap, that should furnish our table with a grace 
precious in the eyes of the most intelligent ? " Set flowers on your table, 
a whole nosegay if you can get it, or but two or three, or a single flower 
— ;i rose, a pink, even a daisy, ay, or a bunch of clover and a handful of 
flowering grasses, one of the most elegant as well as the cheapest of 
nature's productions — and you will have something on your table that will 
remind you of the beauties of God's creation, and give you a link with 
the poets and sages that have done it most honor. Put but a rose, or a 
lily, or a violet on your table, and you and Lord Bacon have a custom 
in common, for he was in the habit of having the flowers in season set 
upon his table, morning, noon and night. The fashions of the 
garments of heaven and earth endure forever, and you may adorn your 
table with specimens of their drapery — with flowers out of the fields and 
golden beams out of the blue ether. 

The first new boughs in spring, plucked and put into a vase, have 
often an efiect that may compete with flowers themselves, considering 
their novelty ; and indeed, " leaves would be counted flowers if earth 
had none." Does any reader fancy that to help himself to comforts like 
these, would be "trifling"? Oh, let him not so condescend to the 
Ignorance of the proud or envious. If this were trifling, then was Bacon 
a trifler, also the great Cond6, and the old republican Ludlow, and all 
the great and good spirits that have loved flowers, and Milton's Adam, 
nay heaven itself, for heaven made these harmless elegancies, and blessed 
them with the universal good-will of the wise and innocent. 

And surely there is nothing more interesting than the world of 
flowers. Earth, with seemingly careless prodigality, throws them out, 
masterpieces of infinite fiiiish — all difierent, each perfect. 

Nothing in life has aff'orded so much delight to so many hearts ; and 
nothing has gladdened and brightened so many eyes ! 



13G EVERT W03IAX HER OWN ELOWER GARDENER. 

Cutting and Preserving Floivers. 

Flowers should never be cut during the intense heat of the day, but 
either while wet Avith dew in the early morn, or after sunset, when the 
falling dew has revive«il them. 

Do not break them off harshly, but cut them with a knife or scissors ; 
the former is the best, as it cuts the cleanest, and does not lacerate the 
minute tubes which draw up the water that nourishes the flower; if 
these pores or tubes are closed up the flower soon withers. I find sand 
far cleaner to place them in than pure water; that soon becomes dis- 
agreeable, while the sand can be thoroughly wet every morn, and keep 
for weeks with no unpleasant odor about it. If flowers are desired to 
be kept a great while, the ends of the stalks should be cut off a little 
every time you change the water, and a pinch of saltpetre and salt tends 
to prevent their decay. Soap suds, which have been widely recommended, 
spoil the flowers very quickly. Warm water ^\\\\ revive wilted flowers; 
put the bouquet into water warm to the hand, let it remain for an hour 
or more, then cut off the stalks a little and put into fresh warm water, 
only lukewarm, and they will brighten wonderfull3^ 

A few drops of liquid ammonia added to the water are said to revive 
faded flowers, but I have never tried the remedy. 

If sand cannot be obtained, put a few bits of charcoal in the water, 
or fill the vase with them and water, and put the stalks between them; 
add fresh water every day, turning out the old, and your flowers will 
keep a week or more. Never turn ice water into the vases, it chills the 
life out of the flowers — is murder in the first degree. To be sure, the 
ice pitcher is always at hand, but keep its contents away from your 
vases. Eain water is always the best for watering plants, or for keeping 
fresh floAvers, and it should be given a little warm, even if the tea- 
kettle has to be resorted to to render it so. 

While gathering flowers, don't pick such quantities that some will 
wither before they can be placed in water. If you have too many to 
care for directly, put them on a tray and sprinkle them with water, then 
they will not wither and become limp. Geranium leaves once withered 
never regain their fresh beauty, and Pansies once curled up will never 
unroll in perfect loveliness. Don't be chary of picking your flowers — 
the more you gather the more you will have. Give them to all your 
friends — a bounteous giver is always rewarded. In selecting vases, don't 
buy the gorgeous flowered china ware, or the brilliant Bohemian glass, 



EVERY WOMAN HEE OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 137 

but the pure, transparent glass that shows the twining stems of the 
flowers, and the ivory white Parian marble, around which the graceful 
vines will clasp so tenderly. 

Silver and bronze are always beautiful, but a tasteful straw basket, 
holding a glass dish filled Avitli flowers, will often produce as lovely an 
efiect as the precious metals. 

Floiuers in Churches. 

In adorning the Communion Table or the Font with flowers, we 
should select those that are bright and gorgeous, as such colors -were 
used by the artists of the middle ages, and from time immemorial there 
has been a symbolism, especially in religious ceremonies and decorations. 
Eed is the symbol of Divine love; white, of Divine wisdom; yellow is 
a symbol of the revelation of the love and wisdom of God; blue, of 
Divine eternity and of human immortality. 

Our Puritan forefathers, in fleeing from the persecutions and cere- 
monies of an established Church, cast from them all outward adorn- 
ments ; we, of these later days, desire to see our churches adorned with 
the " Green Things of the Earth," and the practice of adorning our 
churches with vases and baskets of flowers is becoming quite universal. 
I hope it Avill spread, until every little village church can boast of its 
sweet floral adornments, from the earliest May flowers of the Spring to 
the crosses and crowns of " Christmas Greens." 

It is but little labor for several ladies in each congregation to agree 
to furnish the flowers. A large mai'l^le "tazza" can be purchased either 
out of the church funds, or through the benevolence of the rich of the 
parish. To fill these every Sunday morn with all that is lovely and 
sweet, cannot but be a work of love. 

I recall a village church which I once attended, whose pulpit was 
made beautiful with large vases of Eoses and Spireas, mingled with the 
trailing vines of the Money Wort. The old deacon brought them in, 
with an half-concealed air of pride, and placed them on each side of the 
pulpit cushion, upon which lay the Bible. His daughter arranged them 
from the flowers that were in season every Aveek, and he delighted to 
carry her floral oflFering to the Lord, and lay it upon His altar. 

" If there is any kind of adornment which more than another seems 
fitted to God's house, it is that thoughtful use of the ' Green Things 
of the Earth.'" 



138 EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

Flowers are the painted sculpturings of nature — the shapes and colors 
of beauty, Avhich the Creator has lavished upon the world — and surely 
they can never be employed for a better purpose. In the church, flowers 
suggest thoughts that are in unison with the occasion, and the time 
and care thus bestowed on the adornment of the church are not without 
their reward. 

Pious thoughts arise while skillful fingers are busy with the work 
which, as it is done for the sake of God's honor, must, from its very 
nature, be linked with good to all concerned in it. " "Whoso offeretb 
me praise, glorifieth me." 

" Bring flowers lo the shrine where we kneel in prayer, 
They are nature's oflering'. their place is there 1 
Tliey speak of hope, to the fainting heart, 
AVith a voice of comfort tliey come and part ; 
Tlioy sleep in dnst through the wintry houts, 
They break forth in glory — bring flowers, bright uowers." 



UHAPTEE XX. 



Geneeal Management of the Garden. 

Tlie Soil Best Adapted to its Growth. 

The most desirable soil for flowers, particularly for Annuals, Peren- 
nials, etc., is a mellow loam, that will not bake down and crack open 
under the influence of hard showers and hot suns. If you do not pos- 
sess a good soil, why, of course, you must do the best you can, and you 
can improve a stiflF, clayey soil by adding sand or ashes and manure. 

A flower garden must have good drainage ; if water settles upon its 
surface, and freezes and thaws during the winter, you may be sure that 
your plants will not survive. There is no use in trjring to grow flowers 
in poor soil ; but every one can make a small compost heap, in an out-of- 
the-way corner, and give it all the soap suds on washing days that are 
not needed on the borders. When the leaves fall, secure all you can ; 
hire a small boy to gather them for you, and put them on the pile ; they 
are said to be the very poetry of manure — certainly, they contain the 
best elements of flower food. Add to this heap the weeds that are col- 
lected, but don't have any seed-pods among them ; throw upon it all the 
Blops from the house, and, by the next year, you will have good plant 
food. It must be turned over several times so as to expose it to the 
action of the air. A load of. grass sods from the meadow is the best 
foundation for such a " bank." To use this season, procure a large bar- 
rel, and fill it up with as good soil as your garden can boast, then turn 
into it, every morning, the slops from the chambers. No disagreeable 
odor will arise from it, but a rich soil will be made. Use it carefully, 
putting a few tablespoonsful about the roots of the plants, and digging 



140 EVERT WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER OARDESER. 

them in, so as not to toucli the stems. Dig this about the roots of your 
Geraniums, Roses, Verbenas, Pansies, etc., not letting it come in direct 
contact with the tender roots, and you need not complain of the poverty 
of the soil; while the rich blooms of your flowers will fully repay the 
extra labor. The barrel can be hid away under vines; and, as the eartli 
is used up, add more to it. The Japanese and Chinese gardeners can 
teach us a lesson in these matters. Nothing is wasted in their country 
and their flower gardens are wonderfully beautiful and gorgeous. 

"Eternal vigilance," Gen. Jackson's pet phrase, applies particularly to 
gardening. One cannot grow fine flowers without some labor; and you 
will soon learn that constant efibrts are needed to make the flowers grow 
into fine-shaped plants, filled with blossoms. You cannot garden one 
week, and let it alone the next ; but you must watch it, and Avater it, and 
weed it, daily, if you would be successful. It requires as much care to 
cultivate a handsome garden, as to grow cabbages, melons and tomatoes, 
and no more. 

An open exposure is desirable, where the sun will have free access to 
the plants; there are some flowers like Fuchsias, Primroses, Daisies 
Pansies, etc., which bloom far better in beds that are sheltered from the 
noonday sun ; and their tastes should be gratified. Yet nearly all plants 
love the sun, and grow better, if directly under its influence. 

Selection and Soiuing of Seeds. 

This is a matter of importance to amateur gardeners, who usually 
desire the handsomest kinds that can be grown. It takes no more time 
and care to grow a small, poor, single flower than a rich, double variety ; 
and the cost is but little more. Always purchase your seeds of reliable, 
well-known seedsmen, and do not content yourself with those offered by 
small traders. 

Seed raisers who make it a business, raise only the finest kinds ; the 
poorer sorts do not pay. Hundreds of dollars Avorth of good seeds are 
annually wasted because the groAvers do not know hoAV to plant them. 
They require a very finely pulverized soil ; and, if the coarser particles 
are sifted out, the seeds will germinate more surely. In the Chapter 
on Annuals, minute directions are given for sowing seeds. Since writ- 
ing it, I have soAved sixty, or more, different varieties, and hardly one 
hits failed to germinate. Every seed of some varieties has come " up." 
There is no difiiculty in their culture, if you will only take a little pains 



EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 14] 

in planting them, and sliield them from the sun, with newspapers, for 
two or three days. 

Weeding. 
This is usually considered a terror; but if you will use a small rake 
and hoe, as heretofore advised, every morning, for a few minutes, you 
will keep the upperhand of them. The first leaves of weeds or plants 
are their sole nourishment ; cut them off and the young weeds must 
die, however tenacious of life they may be. 

Watering. 
Leaves absorb and give out moisture, and inhale and exhale air; they 
are the lungs of every plant, and if they are destroyed the whole plant 
suffers. The pores in the leaves of all plants, by which they transmit 
air and moisture, are exceedingly small, and liable to be filled up if 
exposed to smoke and dust ; therefore, if there are not plentiful showers, 
you must water them freely every evening. It is of but little use to 
give water after the sun has risen. In this hot, dry climate the water- 
ing pot is a necessity, and tubs of water should be drawn from hydrant 
or pump every morning, and allowed to set in the sun, to take off the 
chill; then, after seven o'clock p. 3i., apply it. 

Planting Out, Pruning, etc. 

The branches and leaves of plants rarely touch one another while 
growing, and you should learn from them not to crowd your plants in 
bed or border ; for air and light are quite as needful as water and good 
soil. 

When shrubs produce an abundance of foliage and no flowers, either 
remove them to a purer soil, or cut through some of the principal roots. 
Root-shortening is often resorted to, by florists, to force plants to bloom. 

By checking the growth of plants, you throw strength into the flow- 
ers. All shrubs produce their flowers on the terminal points of the 
branches ; after the bloom is past, if these are pinched off, you will have 
two or three branches for one in the succeeding year. 

All plants are in their most vigorous growth while in flower, and 
should never be transplanted at that time, for it will check their growth, 
if it does not kill them. This is the time for taking cuttings, as they 
are then most ready to send forth roots. The throwing off of its leaves 
by a newly planted cutting, is a sign that it has begun to grow, while 



143 EVERT WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

if tlie leaves wither on the stem, it shows that the cutting had not 
strengtli enough to send forth shoots. 

You can train a plant into any shape you please, by pinching off the 
shoots, for the plant will avenge itself by sending forth two or three 
more, in lieu of the one you pinched in. A plant pinched in June will 
flower in July ; if pinched in July, it will flower in August. All buds 
proceed from the tips, and by pinching in Carnations, Bouvardias, Fuch- 
sias, etc., their flowers will be jDut back and they need not be allowed to 
bloom until autumn. This method of training will produce thick, 
bushy plants, filled with many small shoots, which, when left unmo- 
lested, will produce hundreds of buds and flowers. 

To procure a succession of Eoses, j)rune down to three eyes on all 
the branches of some bushes, as soon as the buds begin to expand ; 
defer the same operation with others, until the leaves are expanding; on 
the former bushes the three buds will bear early flowers; in the latter, 
they will not begin to expand until the others are in full foliage, and 
will bloom later in the season. 

Dry, east winds are very injurious to plant life, by absorbing the 
moisture from the leaves of the plants more quickly than they are able 
to give it out ; they will often wither the plants as badly as a frost, and 
should be guarded against in the same way. Cover all your plants with 
papers, boxes, etc., if they are so unfortunate as to be exposed to it. I 
have seen an east wind nearly ruin a flourishing bed of Verbenas and 
Heliotropes in the month of May. If your grass-plat becomes overrun 
with moss, manure the surface, and the grass will soon catch in and 
expel the intruder. 

Plants, when in bloom, have all their juices in the most perfect state; 
therefore cut all aromatic and medicinal herbs just as they begin to send 
up flowering stalks. 

Profuse flowering exhausts the strength of plants ; therefore remove 
all seed pods that are not especially desired for seed. Do this to all 
perennials, and you will have much finer blossoms the ensuing season. 

Saving of Seeds. 

Though the gathering of seeds reminds us that the beauty of the 

flower is gone, it is a pleasing occupation, because it promises us pleasure 

for another year. As an usual thing it is better to depend upon the 

seedsmen for your supply, but if you have very fine flowers, choose two 



EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 143 

or three plants and pick off all the side buds, sending the whole strength 
of the plant into two or three blossoms at the most ; frequently one is 
quite enough. Tie up the plants with colored yarn, so that no one will 
pick them ; pull up all the single flowers that might mix with them, 
and you may be quite sure of saving good seed. Gather them on a dry 
day, when the seeds are thoroughly dry. Seeds preserved in the seed vessel 
are more clumsy to pack away than those which are cleaned, but they 
are said to keep fresher. When ready to sow them, clean them by pass- 
ing them through sieves, having holes large enough to let the dust 
escape and retain the seeds. Small sieves can be made of a thin bit of 
pasteboard cut in a circular form, and the edges turned up, then pierce 
the bottom of it with holes made with a pin or a darning needle. Make 
several different sized sieves, and rub the seeds through the different ones* 
A lady can make a small cabinet of pasteboard, with as many drawers 
in it as there are letters of the alphabet, and as she ties up the packets, 
each can be put into its corresponding drawer; or a paper bag with each 
letter of the alphabet marked upon it, can hold the seeds until desired 
for planting. 

Preparing Pots. 

If new pots are used for any kind of seeds or plants, they should be 
soaked in water for a few hours, as they will otherwise suck away the 
moisture from the earth, and nothing is worse than to water seeds too 
often, or let them become dried up. All empty pots should be washed 
and cleaned before using again. 

Taking up and Preserving Flowers in Winter. 
One is often in a great quandary to know what to do with large bushes 
of Geraniums, Roses, Feverfews, Heliotropes, etc., that have grown so 
finely all summer, and now the frost threatens to lay them low forever- 
All the plants that have a woody nature, can be preserved in a dry, 
cool, perfectly dark cellar. Last autumn, I had a splendid bed of Zonale 
Geraniums — every color and hue, and some fifteen plants. What should 
I do with them? I could not bear to lose them forever! So I took a 
large box, and filled it with a light soil, and planted the roots in it, first 
cutting off all the tender branches, and leaving none over twelve or 
fifteen inches long; on these the leaves were left, but every blossom was 
cut away. The box was placed in a cold, damp, perfectly dark cellar, 
where potatoes never freeze; no water was given it the whole winter. 



144 EVERT WOMAX HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

and the first of May it was brought up with every root alive. The leav( r 
had all ftillen, and the stems were dead down three or more inches. I 
cut them back six inches, and bright leaves are now starting from every 
branch. 

I live in the coldest climate in New England, where one has to fight 
for flowers or fruits. "Nine months of winter, and three months of 
spring," describes the rigorous climate, and all Eoses excepting the 
tender Teas, will live under sods. They are cut from the meadows or 
road sides early in November; then the bushes are carefully laid down ; 
and the sods are placed over them grass side up. Last winter there was 
but little snow, but my roses kept finely. A large shovelful of manure 
was thrown around the roots before the branches were laid down, • As 
the sods were being placed over the Eoses, I laid a small piece over two 
Feverfews that grew near, and they are both alive. They will live out 
in milder climates, but are rarely known to do so in this frigid zone, 
under Mt. Washington's shadow. Fuchsias and Heliotropes can be kept 
in boxes in the same manner. Also Oleanders, Sweet Verbenas, and 
nearly all flowers but Verbenas; they require light, heat and moisture to 
live. 

Zonale Geraniums can be wintered in most cellars, if the earth is 
shaken from the roots, and they are tied up by them to the beams of 
the cellar. All blossoms should be cut off, or the sap that is in the 
branches will cause them to bloom, and thus rob the roots of the 
strength they need to live on through the winter. A damp cellar will 
cause them to decay. Scarlet Salvias can be kept in the same way. 

Eoses and Gi-eraniums, etc., can be buried in trenches. Dig it two 
and a-half feet in depth, and where the water will not settle; lay in the 
plants, first throwing in a few shovelsful of dried leaves, or boards can 
be laid over the plants; fill in with sandy loam, and finish ofi" with a 
ridge that will carry off the Avater. If the trench is lined with straw 
before the plants are laid in, they are less liable to decay. It is no use 
trying to make " window gardens" out of plants that have flowered all 
summer. They must have a season of rest, and they are only desirable 
for another summer after they have slept away the winter in the cool, 
dark cellar. 

Sleep of Floiuers. 

It is said that nearly all flowers sleep at night. The j\Iarigold goes 
to sleep with the sun, and awakes at its bidding. The Dandelion shuts 



EV'ERT \V03IAN HER OWJS' FLOWER GARDENER. 145 

tightly its bright blossoms before nine iu the evening, and does not fully 
open them until at six in the morning. The Daisy closes its flowers in 
the evening, and opens its " day^s eye" to meet the earliest beams of the 
rising sun. The Goat's Beard wakes at three in the morning, and goes 
to sleep by five or six in the afternoon. The Crocus, Tulip and many 
others sleep peacefully at night. The Ivy-leaved Lettuce awakes at 
eight in the morn, and closes forever by four in the afternoon. The 
Night Blooming Cereus turns night into day ; it expands its magnificent 
fragrant chalices in the twilight, is fully blown at midnight, and sleeps 
never to awake again at the dawn of the morning. In a Clover field, 
not a leaf opens until touched by the sun's rays. An English florist 
has closely watched the habits of the flowers, and thus reports concerning 
them. 

Insects. 

Insects abound in every month of the year, but they are especially 
annoying in Summer time. With the first warm days they appear in 
numbers, and cover the Eoses, etc. Eain causes them to disappear, but a 
dry, east wind increases them. A small painter's brush, dipped in quassia 
or aloes water, will brush them off and destroy them. 

The caterpillars of many moths and butterflies are destructive in the 
garden, and one death in the Spring will save much warfare ; so if you 
see one resting on a stem or leaf, with folded wings, it is probably a 
female and should be killed directly. If one is found dead on a plant, 
she has doubtless laid her eggs, and you must search for them under- 
neath the leaves and burn them. A garden syringe or engine is the best 
weapon with which to wage warfare against l)oth aphides and caterpillars. 
You must hold the pipe close to the plant, and pump hard, so as to 
bring a considerable stream upon it, and it will soon be free from them. 
Every time you i;se it, you should rake the earth away from under the 
plants, and trample upon the insects you have washed ofi". 

Earwigs are very destructive insects. Their favorite food is the petals 
of roses, pinks, fuchsias, dahlias, etc. They eat at night, and in the 
daytime hide away in the dark vegetation. They can be caught by 
driving stakes into the ground and inverting a flower-pot directly over 
them, leaving just room for them to crawl under, and then look for 
and destroy them every morning. 

Grubs on orchard trees and small fruits, will sometimes spoil the 
whole harvest ; but if a bonfire is made with dry sticks and weeds on 
10 



146 EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

the windward side of the orchard, the smoke will blow among the trees 
and destroy hundreds, while the flames will attract many moths. Make 
the fire after nightfall. 

Wasps destroy a quantity of fruit, and all that you can kill in the 
spring will save a swarm in the autumn. But be careful about letting 
them sting you, for the smart is severe. If stung, get out the blue-bag 
from the laundry, and rub it well into the sting, or cover the spot 
with soft soap, or liquid ammonia, to neutralize the acid of the poi- 
son. Saleratus wet and rubbed on the wound will also mitigate the 
pain. 

Cherish the little black and red lady-bug, for it will destroy many 
green lice, or ajjliides. They are often to be found on the currant 
bushes, and I always catch them and give them a home among my roses 
and geraniums. 

Toads are among the best friends that we can cultivate, so be sure to 
treat them with kindness. They may eat a few straw berrries, but let 
them have that privilege in return for the immense quantities of insects 
they will also eat. If you can have none in your garden, it is well to 
seek for them in your walks, and bring them home, handling them 
carefully, for though they have no power to injure you, being perfectly 
harmless, you can easily kill them. I have a portly couple of them who 
live under my front door-step, and nightly come forth to feed upon my 
enemies — the noxious insects — eating bugs, grubs, moths, millipedes, 
and caterpillars. 

Bees, of various kinds, are useful in spreading the pollen, so be 
sure to bid them welcome to all the hidden sweets your flowers con- 
tain. 

Cultivate tlie Beautifid. 

" Flowers seem intended for the solace of ordinary humanity. Chil- 
dren love them ; quiet, tender, contented, ordinary people love them as 
they grow; luxurious and disorderly people rejoice in them gathered. 
They are the cottager's treasure, and, in the crowded town, mark, as 
with a little broken fragment of rainbow, the windows of the workers, 
in Avhose hearts rests the covenant of peace. To the child and the girl, 
to the peasant and manufacturing operative, to the grisette and the nun, 
the lover and the monk, they are precious always." Thus writes Euskin, 
the prose poet of the century. 



EtERT WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 147 

The cultivation of " The Beautiful " should be the desire of every 
woman's heart. Goethe's sentiment, "We should do our utmost to 
encourage the Beautiful, for the useful encourages itself," should be our 
watchword. There are few women who do not take delight in flowers, 
and the object of this little book is to encourage them to cultivate them 
around and about their own homes, where their fragrance will delight 
every one that passes by them. 

They speak to us of love and ]oj; of hope and peace; of humility 
and confidence; and also of bitter sorrow and grief — for they are asso- 
ciated with those who have passed away, and whose loss has darkened 
the horizon of our lives. They also teach us of the resurrection of the 
dead, and the life immortal that fadeth not away. They adorn the sol- 
dies s grave; they circle the brow of loveliness; they crown the festive 
hall ; they are everywhere, and are closely mingled with both joy and 
sorrow. 

They are not a necessity to many of us ; but they teach us to live 
nearer to God. Truly Mrs. Howitt writes of them : 

" Our outward life requires them not, 

Then wherefore have they birth ? 
To minister delight to man, 

To beautify the earth ! 
g To comiort man — to whisper hope, 

Where'er his faith is dim, 
For whoso careth for the flowers, 

Will much more care for Him !'" 

I truly pity those who cannot turn from the hurry of business with 
all its corroding cares, from the pomp of wealth, and the gay devices of 
fashion, and feast their senses and their souls upon the sight and per- 
fume of a flower ! 

Far better to teach our daughters to cultivate roses on the cheeks, 
and in their gardens, to ornament their rooms with the fragrance and 
beauty of roses and lilies, and all the gorgeous sisterhood of flowers, than 
to make ruffles, and puS"s, and plaits and endless puckers wherewith to 
adorn themselves. Children can easily be taught to love flowers, and 
the taste can never be used to deteriorate the character. 

Linnaeus, the renowned Swedish botanist, was the son of a poor 
country clergyman, who had a small flower-garden, in which he culti- 
vated all the flowers which he could procure, and his means wouW 
permit. 



148 EVERY WOMAN HER OWN FLOWER GARDENER. 

From the earliest childhood he taught his son to love them, cultivate 
them, and rejoice with intense delight in their rich and varied color- 
ings. In this way he created in him the tastes and desires which made 
him the first botanist and naturalist of his age. 



FINIS. 















■«V «L- 



Ci'C 



c c- ccz c c «: 

C'CXCl_C'C cc 

CC C<^C C CO ■■ 

C^'C .c^r ^.:c<r 
C^C CCX'vcO 

-e.^c. -^ <:,:.c.'- 'c^- 

O:- C. <Qf -;(;..<:-;. 



c < c: 









,. Gc<L c: <r^cc^ •or c?: cr 

1%% ^ . . 

's <<c ^- •c:^;f <r c:; t ^c ; 
:.-CXc ^'^ Ocd c f; (c • 
:.€< C^^ C'CCCC, f cc , 

«:f C^ rOT C <&. ^ < € 
«Xc^ C?cCI,.,C C cc 






^.e^<E^ ^- ^" 



■j^x, c c, 

-^••i <c c 

J.'P TUC ,<? 
_ C '< '< r; 

c iC( cc 

c: ^c/ c: 

'■"; cf . <f' 4 



^tC^ 



d. cc 



<S C 
cc C 

SI 

ci c: 

CL c: 
cc c 

CC-CC 



cr-c -c 

. c c: <: 






iS 



-. d;.<3^c -,o CC, 

c , ^k:, ct c, <r_c c 

..^<[tC C /CC ^ 
<- . ^If <ic c <L .CC, ■ <: 

y ^-mc. cxc d 

■• -i^^ <z<^ C CXC d 

c ■■^: <i'j- c dc >, « 
■ <-■ ^z ■^■■' <^ <C^t . 



:? ^, Ci 



.fldT'- d 



eg, H 



<3rcc 



«1 c- c, <l, c . <r 
4 



<z^^. c c:__cd 



^c <r d c:c ' €L 

c c <L cc, c: 

CO <rc<^ ^ 

^ <r ' c d '^ c ^ 

c- <^ c:.c. c " 

C: d: d^C 






<I\:'0;C 



v^s 



d'c CT'c c 

d c ^^ c 

" C" c dec 












C c C C 
C c C_ C 



c Qcc c ore 






<: 


<rcc 


c 


CCt, 


c 


Cft 


C 


ccc: 


«^ 


<: < c 


C 


Cor 


e 


^ x=c 



cc; «c: c'^ • 









«;;^^ ^^C. CCCC 












- '^ mm- m 



























< c c 



< cry- c 






«1 'CC C. t 



cr c c c 



